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3 The Republic Era(1912–1949)

Aiko Kobayashi

問題数 21 • 10/4/2025

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Puyi 溥儀

the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, The Emperor of Manchukuo (1932-1945)

Yuan Shikai 袁世凱

the first president of the Republic of China, He played a key role in securing the abdication（退位） of the last Qing emperor in 1912

Sun Yat-sen 孫逸仙（孫文）

• Founding Father of the Republic of China (ROC) and its first political party, the Kuomintang (KMT) • Paramount leader of the 1911 Revolution • Head of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)

Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石

• Founding member of the Kuomintang (KMT) • Commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA), 1926–1947 • Leader of the Kuomintang (KMT), 1926–1975

Mao Zedong 毛泽东

• Founding Father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) • Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 1943–1976 • Chairman of the People's Republic of China, 1949–1959

The Xinhai Revolution (1911)

The Xinhai Revolution began with the Wuchang Uprising and quickly spread across China, culminating in the abdication of Emperor Puyi in early 1912.

the May Fourth Incident

The 1919 upheaval, called the May Fourth Incident, gave its name (“May Fourth”) to the entire movement of political debate and ferment that engaged China’s intellectuals from 1916 to 1921.

Three Principles of the People (三民主義)

• Nationalism (民族主义) “self-determination” — not only for the Han Chinese but also for the other ethnic groups within China. • Principle of the People’s Rights (民權主義) the people should be able to control their government through various mechanisms. • Principle of the People’s Livelihood (民生主義) a form of social welfare and a direct critique of the shortcomings of unregulated capitalism an ideal Chinese. government should take responsibility for ensuring these needs (clothing, housing, food, and transportation) were met for all its citizens

Democratic Centralism

A system where debate is allowed within the party, but all must follow the final decision

the Northern Expedition

In 1926, Chiang Kai-shek launched the Northern Expedition to reunify China.

five conflicts between KMT and CCP

➢ Ideological Conflict ➢ Class Interests – The CCP’s promotion of land reform threatened the interests of landlords and the upper class, who supported the KMT ➢ Power Struggle – The rapid expansion of Communist influence posed a direct threat to the KMT’s leadership and Chiang Kai-shek’s personal authority ➢ Fear of Soviet Influence – The KMT was concerned about the CCP’s close ties with the Soviet Union, viewing it as a threat to China’s independence. ➢ Internal Consolidation – Chiang Kai-shek used the anti-Communist campaign to strengthen his own position and eliminate rivals within the KMT

what is the benefit of united front of KMT and CCP

CCP: gaining domestic and international legitimacy and expanding its membership. KMT: recieved support from the Soviet Union

three tentions In united front

• Major ideological divide between CCP and KMT • KMT prioritized national unification; CCP pushed for social revolution • CCP's class-based tactics threatened elite interests within the KMT

three lessons learned by the CCP

• The KMT could not be trusted as a reliable ally • Soviet (Moscow) leaders misunderstood China’s revolutionary conditions • The CCP needed to build its own loyal military force

Under Mao’s aegis, the Party divided the countryside into five classes

• Landlords: Those who could live primarily on land rents rather than by cultivating land with their own labor. • Rich Peasants: Those who worked the land full time and also hired extra labor or rented out land, because they owned more land than they themselves could cultivate. • Middle Peasants: Those who worked full time on the land they owned, and whose production provided an adequate income to support their families. • Poor Peasants: Those who owned some land but still had to hire themselves out because their own land could not provide a subsistence income. • Landless Laborers: Those who lived entirely by hiring out their labor.

three methods of CCP to harness peasant political protest

• First, the Party sought to package its appeals in terms that were directly relevant to the concrete interests of local peasants, rather than in broad abstractions such as “exploitation” or “anti-imperialism. • Second, it launched specific “campaigns” that encouraged fervent（熱烈な） but targeted political participation. • Third, the Party formed several “mass organizations” to generate and sustain some level of peasant activity between campaigns.

four characteristics of Mao’s military thought

• When the enemy advances, we retreat; when the enemy encamps, we harass; when the enemy withdraws, we pursue; when the enemy is exhausted, we attack. • Concentrate superior forces to wipe out isolated enemy units, while never engaging in battle where the enemy is stronger. • Develop relations between the troops and the people as closely as “lips and teeth. • Use the countryside to encircle the cities.

The Long March (1934-1935)

a strategic military retreat by the Chinese Communist Party from 1934 to 1935, during which they traveled over 9,000 kilometers to escape Nationalist forces and regroup in northern China from Jiangxi to Yan'an

two Legacies of the Long March

• The Zunyi Conference during the Long March marked the rise of Mao Zedong’s leadership within the CCP, laying the foundation for his eventual absolute control over the party. • The Long March became the basis for a heroic myth that greatly bolstered the CCP’s unity and prestige, shaping the party’s revolutionary identity for decades to come.

The Xi’an Incident (1936)

a political crisis in 1936 when Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek was detained by his own generals, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, to force him to stop the civil war against the Communists and instead form the “Second United Front against Japan

The Yan’an Era (1935-1947) six features of CCP's governing Yan'an

• Rebuilt and Expanded: The CCP grew from a small force of about 10,000–25,000 to nearly 2.8 million members by 1945, governing close to 100 million people. • Grassroots Mobilization: Through land reform, especially reducing rent and interest rates for peasants, and promoting local self-government, the CCP won strong support among rural populations. • Ideological Consolidation: Mao Zedong’s leadership was solidified, and “Mao Zedong Thought” became central. The Rectification Campaign unified the party and removed internal dissent. • Superficial United Front: While cooperating with the KMT against Japan on paper, the CCP mainly focused on expanding its own power as the KMT grew weaker. • Building Governance: The CCP established effective administration, taxation, and propaganda in its areas, strengthening its legitimacy. • Ready for Civil War: By the end of WWII, the CCP was far stronger than before, paving the way for victory over the KMT.