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Class 18 Party Systems

Aiko Kobayashi

問題数 23 • 11/5/2025

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問題一覧

three types of party systems

• A single-party system • A two-party system • A multiparty system

What is a single-party system?

only one party has a realistic chance of gaining power

What is a two-party system?

only two major parties have a realistic chance of gaining power.

What is a multiparty system?

more than two parties have a realistic chance of gaining power.

Is it possible for a one-party system to exist in a democracy?

Possible Multiple parties may legally operate but have little chance of unseating the dominant party.

What is "2+" party systems?

there are two main parties and several smaller ones.

What is the most common party system?

Multiparty Systems

Why are there differences in the number of parties across countries? two factors

The electoral system Maurice Duverger noted that electoral systems have a “mechanical effect” and a “strategic effect.” Politicized social cleavages Remember, parties often form to represent politicized cleavages. Sometimes these are based on ethnic or religious groups. Parties that represent such groups will usually be small; will do better under PR.

Where can we see a lots of political parties?

there are lots of social cleavages and proportional representation.

What is the mechanical effect of electoral systems?

it is hard to for small parties to win seats in majoritarian systems even with a nontrivial vote share, whereas in PR systems even small parties get seats.

What is the strategic effect of electoral system?

in majoritarian systems, people will have an incentive to vote against preferred small parties, whereas in PR systems people aren’t afraid of “wasting their vote.

What is the relationship between Socioethnic fractionalization and proportionality, and the expected number of parties?

Socioethnic fractionalization, proportionality high, low -> few parties high, high -> many parties low, low -> few parties low, high-> few parties

Common 6 political party families

Communist (C) Socialist/Social Democrat/Labor (SD) Liberal (L) Christian Democrat/Conservative (CD) Greens (G) Radical Right-Wing Populists (RRP)

What is a communist party

seek wealth redistribution and public ownership of means of production; often skeptical of the democratic system

What is the Socialist/Social Democrat/Labor (SD) four characteristics

represent the working class, do not advocate an overthrow of the capitalist economy; work within the democratic system; tend to support “modern” values

What is the Liberal (L)?

support the free market; tend to support “modern” values

What is Christian Democrat/Conservative (CD)?

support the free market; sometimes favor state support of Christian institutions and morality; tend to support “traditional” values

What is Greens (G)?

relatively new parties that combine environmentalism, feminism, and social libertarianism

What is Radical Right-Wing Populists (RRP)

nationalist; skeptical of immigration and support the dominant ethnicity; support order and rule of law, “traditional” values

What tendencies do parties have in proportional representation systems?

Proportional electoral systems allow parties to gravitate toward the extremes, where they can try win votes from fringe groups.

What are four elements which the number and ideological spread of parties affect?

The quality of representation The ability of government to get things done Satisfaction with democracy and voter turnout The influence of extreme parties

Polarization has increased in the U.S., but the electoral system has remained constant, meaning it cannot be the cause of this increase. What might be the reason? four reasons

Gerrymandering（特定の政党が有利になるように選挙区の境界線を恣意的に区切る行為） But why then do we see increased polarization in the Senate, which has no districting? Geographic sorting: likeminded people have moved to similar areas. In Florida, for example, Broward County is reliably Democratic, while the Panhandle consistently votes for Republicans. Primary elections Only the most involved—and perhaps most ideological—turn out to vote. Increased income inequality Rich and poor voters have increasingly different preferences about taxation; “us vs. them” narratives become more potent

If Gini Index increases, what about party polarization?

It also increases.