Spirochetes and Misc. Bacteria

69問 • 2年前

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They have fibrils or axial filaments which are flagella-like organelles that wrap around the bacterial cell wall and facilitate motility (exhibiting a “corkscrew-like winding) of the organism.

Spirochetes

What are the three philum under spirochetes?

Treponema Borrelia Leptospira

What are the species of Treponema?

Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum Treponema carateum Treponema denticola Treponema socranski

What are the species of Borrelia?

Borrelia recurrentis Borrelia hermsii Borrelia dutoni Borrelia parkeri Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia garnii Borrelia afzelii

What are the species of Leptospira?

Leptospira interrogans Leptospira biflexa

Treponema came from the Greek words trepeia, which means “to turn” and nema, which means “thread”, that when combined means ___________.

Turning thread

How does treponema reproduce?

Transverse fission

Microscopy: Thin, spiral organisms (4 to 14 spirals) with three axial filaments and one insertion disk

Treponema

It is the causative agent of syphilis

Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum

What is the generation time for Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum?

30 hours

What are two types of antibodies that are used in diagnostic tests of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum?

Treponemal reagin Non-treponemal reagin

Syphilis is also known as what?

French disease Italian disease The Great Pox

Syphilis is known as _____________ because it can copy and assume many clinical manifestation

Great imitator

What are the symptoms of Syphilis?

Chancre Fever Sore throat Headache Rashes Gummas on skin

How is Syphilis transmitted?

-Sexual contact congenital (vertical) transmission -Skin contact with an active lesion (primary or secondary syphilitic lesion) -Transfusion of fresh blood; injuries from contaminated needle sticks

Disease of the blood vessels and the perivascular areas

Syphilis

Give out the stages of syphilis

Primary Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Latent stage Tertiary/Late Syphilis

-Characterized by the appearance of hunterian or hard chancre. -Develops 10 to 90 days after infection. -No systemic signs or symptoms are evident in this stage.

Primary syphilis

-Develops 2 to 12 weeks after appearance of chancre. -The chancre heals but the organisms are still disseminated in various tissues via the bloodstream. Symptoms: Fever, sore throat, weight loss, headache, and rashes

Secondary syphilis

-Period in which the disease becomes subclinical but not necessarily dormant. -Occurs within more than a year of infection -Diagnosis can be made only by serological tests.

Latent stage

-Tissue-destructive phase -Appears 10 to 25 years after the initial infection -Individuals are not usually infectious. -Complications: Central nervous disease(neurosyphilis), cardiovascular abnormalities, eye disease, and granuloma-like lesions ( gummas)

Tertiary stage/Late syphilis

Causative agent of yaws or frambesia tropica

Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue

How is Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue acquired?

Acquired by direct contact through skin breaks with an infected lesion.

It is a non-venereal infection that is characterized by random bodily chronic ulcerative sores which eventually lead to tissue and bone destruction and then to crippling if left untreated.

Yaws

Causative agent of endemic non-venereal syphilis or bejel.

Treponema pallidum subs. Endemicum

It is a non-venereal syphilis that is characterized by the appearance of a primary lesion usually on or near the mouth followed by the development of pimple-like sores on the trunk, arms, and legs.

Bejel

How is Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum acquired?

Transmitted by direct contact with active lesions and contaminated fingers and utensils.

It is the causative agent of Pinta or Carate

Treponema carateum

How is Treponema carateum acquired?

Acquired by contact with infected skin

-They cause ulcerative gingivitis and chronic periodontitis -They are related to Treponema pallidum

Treponema denticola Treponema socranski

It is an infection of the skin that is characterized by the appearance of a primary lesion or gradually enlarging papule with enlargement of the regional lymph nodes.. Followed by a generalized red to slate-blue macular rash in 1 to 12 months.

Pinta

They are slow-growing spirochetes that multiply by binary fission.

Borrelia (Blood spirochetes)

-They are composed of 3 to 10 loose coils and is actively motile. -Stain well with Giemsa stain and can be visualized by using brightfield microscopy. -Species that have been grown in vitro are microaerophilic.

Borrelia

Agent of louse-borne/epidemic/European relapsing fever.

Borrelia recurrentis

What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?

Louse (Pediculus humanus)

What is the reservoir of Borrelia recurrentis?

Humans

These are the agents of tick-borne relapsing fever/endemic/American relapsing fever

Borrelia hermsii Borrelia turicatae Borrelia dutoni Borrelia parkeri

What is the Vector of Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia turicatae, Borrelia dutoni and Borrelia parkeri?

Soft ticks (Ornithodoros)

These are the agents of Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia garinii Borrelia afzelii

What is the vector of Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii?

Hard ticks

How is Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii transmitted?

Bite of Ixodes ticks

What are the related Infection and disease with Borrelia?

Relapsing fever Lyme disease

-An acute infectious disease with recurring febrile episodes (2 to 10 relapses) -Symptoms: Fever, headache, myalgia (2 to 15 days after infection)

Relapsing fever

-An acute, recurring inflammatory infection involving the large joints like those of the knees. -Hallmarks of infection are erythema migrans (bull’s eye lesion on the skin) and swelling

Lyme disease

What are the stages of Lyme disease?

First stage Second stage Third stage

-Presence of erythema migrans or a red, ring-shaped lesion with a central clearing or a “bull’s-eye-like” lesion at the site of the tick bite is diagnostic of Lyme disease. -Signs and symptoms: Headache, fever, muscle, joint pain, and malaise.

First stage Lyme disease

-May start weeks to months after infection. -There is dissemination of the organisms to the other parts of the body. Symptoms: Neurologic disorders (meningitis) and nerve palsy

Second stage Lyme disease

-Presence of recurring chronic arthritis (acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) that may continue for years. -Infected individuals may also develop demyelination of neurons with symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

Third stage Lyme disease

Specimen of choice for Microscopic examination of Relapsing fever?

Peripheral blood

Specimen of choice for Microscopic examination of Lyme disease?

Blood CSF Biopsy specimens

-Obligate aerobes which can be grown in artificial media. -Tightly coiled and are highly motile with hooked ends. -Live in the lumen of the renal tubules and shed into the urine.

Leptospira

What are the recommended animals for the cultivation of Leptospira?

Hamsters Guinea pigs

Microscopy: Tightly coiled, thin, flexible organisms with two long axial filaments that exhibit a spinning motility.

Leptospira

What is the virulence factor of Leptospira?

Hemolysin (L. interrogans)

What are the species of Leptospira?

Leptospirra interrogans Leptospirra biflexa

What are the growth factors of Leptospira?

Hemoglobin and thiamine

How long is the generation time of Leptospira?

6 to 16 hours

What are the animal reservoirs of Leptospira?

Rats and Dogs

-It is a zoonotic disease in humans that is caused by L. interrogans. -It can be acquired in home and recreational settings (swimming pools). -Symptoms: fever, headache, myalgia, anorexia, and vomiting.

Leptospirosis or Infectious jaundice

What are the modes of acquisition of Leptospirosis or Infectious jaundice?

A. Entry through breaks in the skin, mucous membranes, or conjunctiva B. Direct contact with the urine of carriers like rats. C. Contact with bodies of water that are contaminated with the urine of the carriers. D. Upon entry, leptospires rapidly invade the bloodstream and spread throughout the CNS and kidneys.

What are the two types of Leptospirosis?

Icteric Leptospirosis Anicteric Leptospirosis

-A severe form of illness that affects the liver and kidney and causes vascular dysfunction. -Death can occur in up to 10 % of the cases.

Icteric leptospirosis or Weil syndrome

-Symptoms: Septicemic stage of infection, high fever, and severe headache (three to seven days) followed by the immune stage. -Hallmark of immune stage: Aseptic meningitis.

Anicteric leptospirosis

What are included under Miscellaneous Bacteria?

Streptobacillus monoliformis Spirillum minus Gardnerrella vaginalis Klebsiella granulomatis Capnocytophaga

Etiologic agent of rat-bite fever and Haverhill fever in humans

Streptobacillus monoliformis

Causes a rat-bite fever known as sodoku in humans

Spirillum minus

Etiologic agent of bacterial vaginosis and is considered as a sexually transmitted disease.

Gardnerella vaginalis

Formerly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Etiologic agent of granuloma inguinale or donovanosis.

Klebsiella granulomatis

-Indigenous microbiota of the oral cavity of humans and animals (dogs and cats) -Resembles the HACEK group in their CO2 requirements for enhanced growth and for isolation from blood cultures.

Capnocytophaga

Translation(Pre-finals)

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

Translation(Pre-finals)