Pregnancy test

94問 • 2年前

問題一覧

It is a term used for a laboratory examination for the formation of early normal pregnancy, evaluation of abnormal pregnancy, and the study of trophoblastic diseases.

Pregnancy test

All pregnancy test are designed to measure or detect what kind of hormone?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

What produces Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?

Placental tissue

It is a hormone produce by placental tissue.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

What is the molecular weight of Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?

50,000

What cells of the placenta secretes Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?

Trophoblast cells

Where can you find the Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?

Blood, Amniotic fluid, Milk, Fatal tissue, Nearly all body fluids of a pregnant woman

When is Chorionic gonadotropin increase to a peak?

First two months after the first missed period

What substances are used to concetrate a small amount of hormone and obtain a positive pregnacy test?

Kaolin, Absolute alcohol, Acetone

Very few amount of hormone in urine during normal conditions of pregnancy indicates what?

Negative pregnancy test

What are the importance of Pregnancy tests?

To determine if a woman is pregnant or not, because some woman needs medications, To determine if there has been complete or incomplete abortion, To differentiate other pelvic diseases, To differentiate pregnancy from other common condition like hydatidiform mole and chorioepithelioma, To differentiate pathologic condition of mole like chorioepithelioma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma of the testis and semenoma.

In the preparations of a patient for a pregnancy test, her fluid intake shoulf be restricted from _____________ until the morning urine has been collected.

3 pm

What should be avoided for at least 45 hours prior to urine collection.

Salicylates (aspirin) barbiturates, Other sedatives

For how long should Salicylates (aspirin) barbiturates or other sedative be avoided prior to the urine collection?

45 hours

Where do you collect and contain the first morning urine?

Clean glass container

How many ml of specimen should be collected in order to have sufficient amount for detoxification if in case necessary?

60 ml

In the preparation of specimen, what should be noted?

Specimen should be clean; otherwise, it must be filtered or centrifuged, No preservative should be added, Specimen should be kept in the refrigerator and placed room at temperature for 30 minutes prior to injection.

What are the specimens used in Pregnancy testing?

Serum, Urine, CSF, Saliva, Sweat, Tears

What is the best specimen for pregnancy test?

Serum

What specimen is easily collected?

Urine

What are the causes of False Positive reactions?

High titer of pituitary gonadotropin (PG) for any cause, High titers of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in menopause or primary ovarian failure, Variety of drugs such as chlorpromazine derivatives Compazine, phenothiazine compound (thorazine and sparine), and aspirin should not be taken for at least 48 hour prior to test., Seasonal variation of experimental animals (frog- positive in July and August)., Ectopic pregnancy, Acute appendicitis

What are the causes of False Negative reactions?

Low sensitivity of the animal, sometimes resulting from seasonal variation or from metabolic depression by toxic urine, Low titer or concentration of hormone, Toxic urine specimen

What are the causes of Toxic urine?

Excess amount of electrolytes, particularly potassium, Bacterial contamination or other toxic substances, Salicylates and barbiturate medications

What are the methods of detoxifying urine?

Dialysis in cellophane tubing for 30-60 minutes under running water may reduce the electrolyte content, Acidification with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid to a pH of about 6.0 may make bacterially contaminated urine less toxic, Extraction with ether or alcohol, Absorption with kaolin

It is the most reliable/accurate biological method for Pregnancy test?

Frog's test

True/False: In Frog's test, urine can be collected ANYTIME as long as it is freshly voided.

True

True/False: You can only use female frog in Frog's test

False

Where should urine be injected in Frog's test?

High muscle of the frog

What are the two types of frog test?

Hogben's test, Galli Mainini test

It is also known as Female Frog's Test

Hogben's test

It is also known as Male Frog's Test

Galli Mainini test

What would happen if HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) is injected to a female frog?

It will cause extrusion of eggs/ova

What would happen if HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) is injected to a male frog?

It will cause release of cigar-shaped spermatozoa

Scientific name of Female Frog's Test

Xenopus laevis

Scientific name for Male Frog's Test

Rana pipiens

Age of frog needed for Frog's test

1 week old

For how long must frogs be stained from food?

12 hours

Where do you extract frogs urine?

Cloaca

It is the vagina and butt part of the frog?

Cloaca

What are purpose of Frog's test?

Determine pregnancy, Determine true pregnancy from other usual conditions

It is also known as "latu-latu".

Hydatidiform mole

Pregnant but fetus is not present

Hydatidiform mole

Cancer of testes

Teratoma

List down the Biological methods in Pregnancy testing.

Frog's test, Ascheim-Zondek test, Friedmann's test, Hoffman's test

List down the Immunological Pregnancy Tests

Direct pregnancy test, Indirect pregnancy test

Test under Direct Pregnancy Test

Dap test

Tests under Indirect Pregnancy Test

Gravindex "Slide test for pregnancy", Ortho-pregnancy test, Denco pregnancy test

What are the tests under Chemical Pregnancy Test?

Prenandiol test, Iodine or Lugol's reaction test

What are the test under Clinicians test?

Prostigmen withdrawal bleeding test, Skin colostrum test, Primodos oral, Gestex tablet

What are the purpose of Pregnancy Test?

Confirmation for early normal pregnancy, Evaluation of abnormal pregnancy, Study of trophoblastic diseases

What are the causes of an animals death in test?

Alkaline urine instead of acidic, Toxic urine, Susceptible animals, Bacterial/contamination infection

What are the causes of False Positive Pregnancy test?

Ectopic pregnancy, Increase FSH, Appendicitis, Incomplete abortion, Seasonal variation of test animals

What are the causes of False Negative Pregnancy test?

Low titer of concentration of hormones, Low sensitivity of animals, Urine is toxic

They are prone to diseases

Susceptible animals

What is the remedy for Toxic Urine?

Dialysis

What is the remedy for bacterial/Contamination Infection?

Acidify urine

It is the most reliable and accurate method for Pregnancy testing?

Biological method

This type of pregnancy test is LESS ACCURATE.

Chemical pregnancy test

What precipitate is observed in Urine Agglutination?

White ppt.

In this type of pregnancy test, there would be usage of Anti-sera kit.

Immunological pregnancy test

Common name of Hogben's test

African clawed frog

Common name of Galli-Mainini test

Green grass frog

Where are Green grass frog abundant?

Luzon

How is HCG measured?

Measured as IU

Fetus is developed outside the uterus( most probably in the fallopian tube).

Ectopic pregnancy

It is the quantitative test used to differentiate true pregnancy from chorioepithelioma.

Ascheim-Zondek test

It is the quantitative test used in suspended hydatidiform, terratoma and tumor of testes.

Friedman's test

What is the animal used in Ascheim Zondek Test?

Immature female white mice

What is the animal used in Friedman's test?

Female virgin rabbit

When HCG is injected in female virgin rabbit, what would it produce?

1-6 corpura hemorrhagica

What should be performed after killing the mice?

Autopsy using ether

What is the specimen used in friedmann's test?

Urine

Same with Friedmann's test but the specimen used is serum

Hoffman's test

What is the specimen used in Hoffman's test?

Serum

In this test, urine is mixed with anti-serum and will be observe for agglutination

Direct pregnancy test

With Agglutination in Direct Pregnancy Test indicates?

Positive

No Agglutination in Direct Pregnancy Test indicates?

Negative

With Agglutination in indirect Pregnancy Test indicates?

Negative

No Agglutination in indirect Pregnancy Test indicates?

Positive

This type of pregnancy test are done by a Physician

Clinician's test

The specimen in this test are Urine and Serum, the result will be observed as early as 4 days.

Dap test

Test under indirect pregnancy test which shows Positive if there is no agglutination.

Gravindex "Slide Test For Pregnancy"

•Sensitive as early as 42 days after the onset of the last menstruation •Result interpreted TURBIDITY (+)

Ortho-pregnancy test

Indirect pregnancy test with these results: POSITIVE - "doughnut-like" pattern NEGATIVE - MAT pattern only (test tube)

Denco pregnancy test

Positive result of Denco Pregnancy test

Doughnut-like pattern

Negative result of Denco Pregnancy test

MAT pattern only

→ Detect presence of PROGESTERONE → (+) (Orange to deep brown) → (-) amber color

Prenandiol test

→ Detects presence of EPINEPHRINE Fight and Fight: emergency hormone → (+) Orange to deep brown

Iodine Or Lugol's Reaction Test

→ Prostigmen is injected to patients. → Prostigmen injection is used →If woman menstruate 2 weeks after, she is not pregnant.

Prostigmen Withdrawal Bleeding Test

→Colostrum preparation is injected to subcutaneous of arms. COLOSTRUM- 1st injection of the mammary gland →If woman is not pregnant area will swell showing "REDDISH COLORATION". →Develop ALLERGY REACTION. →Pregnant woman secrete colostrum substances. → RED (-): NOT RED (+)

Skin colostrom test

→ Tablet form (for testing NOT ABORTION) → 2 Tablets taken once a day for 2 consecutive day (4pcs)/ a day →If menstruate 2-3 days after, she Is not pregnant.

Primodos Oral

→ One tablet orally/day → Within 4-5 days, the woman bleed if she is not pregnant, no bleeding occurs if she is pregnant. → Mistaken as abortion.

Gestex tablet

Substances in Primodos Oral

Norethisterone, Ethinylestradiol

Substance in Gestex tablet

Mestranol, Norethindrone

Translation(Pre-finals)

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

Translation(Pre-finals)