Instrumentation

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

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It defined as the measurement of light

Photometry

It is defined as the measurement of the intensity of light at selected wavelengths.

Spectrophotometry

-the measurement of the intensity of light at selected wavelengths. -This is a widely used method of quantitative and qualitative analysis in the chemical and biological sciences.

Spectrophotometry

- this method depends on the light-absorbing properties of the substance or a derivative of the substance being analyzed - measures a narrow wavelength range of the spectrum - classified as single beam or double beam

Spectrophotometry

It provides the radiant energy

Light source (Lamp)

Types of Light sources (Lamp)

Incandescent lamps, Light emitting diodes, Lasers

Light amplication by stimulated emission radiation

Lasers

Device that isolate light of a desired wavelength.

Monochromators

A small vessel made of glass, silica or plastic used to hold a liquid sample to be analyzed in the light path of a spectrometer.

Cuvets

It is a device that converts light into an electric signal that is proportional to the number of photons striking the photosensitive surface. Photomultiplier tube is the commonly used, it contains a (cathode, a light-sensitive metal and a series of dynodes).

Photodetectors

It is a light-sensitive metal and a series of dynodes

Cathode

They are fabricated from photosensitive semiconductor materials such as (silicon, gallium arsenide, indium antimonide, lead selenide, lead sulfide).

Photodiodes

electrical energy from detector is displayed on some type of meter or readout system.

Readout device

based on the characteristic emission of light by atoms as they change from higher energy state (excited) to a ground energy state.

Flame emission spectrophotometry

measures light absorbed by ground state atoms

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

measures light emitted from compounds that absorb electromagnetic radiation

Fluorometry

It is the process where chemical energy of a reaction produces excited atoms, and return to its ground state. Excitation of electron does not require absorption.

Chemiluminescence

It measures the scattered or reflected light at right angles to the incident light

Nephelometry

It measures light blocked by particulate matter as light passes through the cuvette by a colorimeter.

Turbidimetry

It is the measurement of an electrical potential difference between two electrodes (half cells) in an electrochemical cell when the cell current is zero (galvanic cell). The electrodes (reference electrode and Indicator or measuring electrode) are connected by an electrolyte solution (ion conductor).

Potentiometry

An electrochemical cell when the cell current is zero

Galvanic cell

These are membrane electrodes that respond selectively to ions in the presence of others. These include probes that measure specific ions and gases in solution. The most commonly used ISE is the pH probe.

Ion-selective electrodes

The most commonly used ISE

pH probe

the biological element (enzyme) is capable of recognizing the presence and activity and concentration of a specific analyte in solution.

Biosensors

It is capable of recognizing the presence and activity and concentration of a specific analyte in solution.

Enzyme

It is based on the movement of charged molecules in a liquid medium when an electric field is applied. Used clinically to separate and identify proteins.

Electrophoresis

Types of Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography, Gas-liquid chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, Mass spectrometry

It is now one of the most powerful tools in analytical chemistry. It has the ability to separate, identify, and quantitate the compounds that are present in any sample that can be dissolved in a liquid. compounds in trace concentrations as low as parts per trillion [ppt] may easily be identified

High performance liquid chromatography

It uses robotics and fluidics to reduce or eliminate the many manual tasks required to perform analytic procedures.

Automation

It uses a peristaltic pump for a continuous stream of reagents.

Continuous flow analysis

It performs tests on samples that are kept in discrete cuvettes

Discrete analysis

It provides a matrix that allows molecules to separate such as agarose gel, starch gel, polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate membranes

Support medium

Translation(Pre-finals)

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55問 • 2年前

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Transcription

Transcription

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37問 • 2年前

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Culture Media

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19問 • 2年前

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19問 • 2年前

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Microscope specimens identification

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MAHATHIR ALPHA · 28問 · 2年前

Possible Identification Questions

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28問 • 2年前

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Protein

Protein

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