記憶度
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1
It refers to the destruction and removal of all forms of microbial life, including endospores. And is usually done by steam under pressure or a sterilizing gas such as ethylene oxide.
Sterilization
2
Give one example of a sterilizing gas used for sterilization
Ethylene oxide
3
It refers to the use of sufficient heat treatment to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned foods.
Commercial sterilization
4
What endospore of an bacteria can survive but will not be able to germinate and grow under normal storage condition in commercial sterilization?
Thermophilic bacteria
5
it leads to the destruction of vegetative pathogens. And may make use of physical or chemical methods.
Disinfection
6
It leads to the destruction of vegetative state pathogens on living tissues. and the treatment is always by chemical antimicrobials.
Antiseptics
7
True/False: Antisepsis treatment is always by chemical antimicrobials.
True
8
What is destroyed during disinfection
Vegetative pathogens
9
Commercial sterilization treament are used to kill endospores of what microorganisms in canned foods?
Clostridium botulinum
10
What is used for mechanical removal in degerming?
Alcohol-soaked swab
11
It refers to the removal of microbes from a limited area such as the skin around the injection site. Mostly a mechanical removal by an alcohol-soaked swab.
Degerming
12
It is a treatment which is intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels. It can be done with a high temperature washing or by dipping into a chemical disinfectant.
Sanitation
13
True/False: Sanitation cannot be done with a high temperature washing or by dipping into a chemical disinfectant.
False
14
True/False: Bacterial population DO NOT die at a constant rate when heated or treated with antimicrobial agents.
False
15
For each minute the bacterial population is treated or heated with antimicrobial agents, how many of the population is killed?
90 percent
16
What are the factors affecting the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments?
The number of microbes, Environmental influences, Time of exposure, Microbial characteristics
17
It kills microorganism primarily by coagulation of proteins (denaturation), which caused by breakage of the hydrogen bonds that hold the protein.
Moist heat
18
It refers to the coagulation of proteins.
Protein denaturation
19
It kills vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens and almost all viruses within 10 minutes, less effective on endospores.
Boiling or flowing steam
20
How long does it take for a boiling or flowing stream to kill vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens and almost all viruses?
10 minutes
21
This method is used in Dishes, Basins and Pitchers.
Boiling or flowing steam
22
What is the mechanism of Action of Boiling or flowing steam?
Protein denaturation
23
What are the physical methods that are used to control microbial growth?
Heat, Cold, High pressure, Desiccation, Osmotic pressure, Radiation
24
It is a very effective method of sterilization, at about 15 psi (121°C), all vegetative cells and their endospores are killed in about 15 mins.
Autoclaving
25
How long does it takes for vegetative cells and their endospores to be killed after Autoclaving?
15 minutes
26
What are Autoclaving used in?
Microbiological media, Solutions, Linens, Utensils, Dressings, Other items that can withstand temperature and pressure
27
What is the mechanism of action of Autoclaving?
Protein denaturation
28
It refers to the use of mild heating which is sufficient to kill the microorganisms that can cause spoilage problem without really damaging the taste of the product.
Pasteurization
29
What is the heat treatment for milk?
72° for 15 seconds
30
Pasteurization is used in what?
Milk, Cream, Certain alcoholic beverages( beer and wine)
31
What is the mechanism of action for Pasteurization?
Protein denaturation
32
It kills by oxidation effect
Dry heat
33
It is a very effective method of sterilization is used in Inoculating loops.
Direct flaming
34
It is a very effective method of sterilization that is used in paper cups, contaminated dressings, animal carcasses, bags and wipes.
Incineration
35
It is a very effective method of sterilization but requires temperature at 170°C for about 2 hours.
Hot-air sterilization
36
Where is hot-air sterilization used in?
Empty glassware, Instruments, Needles, Glass syringes
37
What is the mechanism of action of Direct flaming?
Burning contaminants into ashes
38
What is the mechanism of action of Incineration?
Burning to ashes
39
What is the mechanism of action of Hot-air sterilization?
Oxidation
40
Most filters in filtration method in use consist what?
Cellulose , Nitrocellulose
41
What is the mechanism of action of filtration?
Separation of bacteria from suspending liquid
42
The passage of a liquid or gas through a screen like materials with pores small enough to retain microbes.
Filtration
43
It is used to sterilize heat sensitive materials such as enzymes, vaccines and antibiotic solutions. And removes microbes by passage of a liquid or gas.
Filtration
44
Where is filtration method used in?
Sterilizing liquids(enzymes, vaccines) that are destroyed by heat
45
It has a bacteriostatic effect and is often used in food, drug and culture preservation.
Refrigeration
46
What is the mechanism of action of Refrigeration?
Decreased chemical reactions and possible changes in protein
47
It is an effective method for preserving microbial cultures, in which cultures are quick-frozen between -50°C and 95°C. And is also used in food, drug and culture preservation.
Deep-freezing
48
What is the mechanism of action of Deep-freezing?
Decreased chemical reactions and possible changes in protein
49
What is the mechanism of action of Lyophilization?
Decreased chemical reactions and possible changes in protein
50
In this method, water is removed by high vacuum at low temperature.
Lyophilization
51
It is the most effective method for long term preservation of microbial culture.
Lyophilization
52
It is used for the preservation of colors and nutrient values. and is often used in fruit juices.
High pressure
53
What is the mechanism of action of High pressure?
Alteration of molecular structure of proteins and carbohydrates.
54
It involves removing of water from microbes; primarily bacteriostatic. and is used in food preservation.
Desiccation
55
What is the mechanism of action of desiccation?
Disruption of metabolism
56
It results in loss of water from microbial cells and is also used in Food preservation.
Osmotic pressure
57
What is the mechanism of action of Osmotic pressure?
Plasmolysis
58
It can kill microorganism in two ways( Ionizing and Non-ionizing).
Radiation
59
Involves the use gamma rays or high energy electron and is not widespread in routine sterilization.
Ionizing radiation
60
It is used for sterilizing pharmaceuticals and medical and dental supplies.
Ionizing radiation
61
In this type of radiation, the radiation is not very penetrating. And is used for control of closed environment with UV lamp.
Non-ionizing radiation
62
Mechanism of Action of Ionizing Radiation
Destruction of DNA