Dehydration

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

Solutions used in Dehydration are known as ________________.

Dehydrating agents

It is the removal of water by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid.

Drying

Tissues should ______ be allowed to air dry.

NEVER

It is the slow substitution of the water in the tissue with an organic solvent. Agents are strong organic solvents and they are used in graded series

Dehydration

Characteristics of Ideal Dehydrating Solution: 1.dehydrate rapidly without producing considerable shrinkage or distortion of tissues 2. Not evaporate very fast 3. dehydrate fatty tissues 4. Not harden tissues excessively 5. Not remove stains 6. Not be toxic to the body 7. Not be a fire hazard

The amount should not be less than 10 times(1:10) the volume of the tissue to ensure complete penetration. Almost any water miscible, ____________ can be used as a dehydrating agent providing no damage to tissue proteins and also miscible with fluids used subsequently. Cost may also be a factor

Anhydrous fluid

What are the commonly used Dehydrating agents?

1. Alcohol (most common) 2. Acetone 3. Dioxane 4. Cellosolve 5. Triethyl phosphate 6.Tetraydrofuran

Most common dehydrating agent

Alcohol

Toxic dehydrating agent, employed for blood and tissue fils and for smear preparation. Toxic and care must be taken

Methyl alcohol

___________ starts by placing the fixed specimen.

Dehydration

It is liable to produce shrinkage and hardening and can lead to distortion.

Formalin-fixed tissues

____________________ tend to harden only the tissue surface while deeper parts not completely

Concentrated alcohols (95%)

At least two changes of 100% ethanol of at least one half hour is sufficient for complete removal of water. Never leave tissue at 95 or 100% ethanol as it will harden. __________ can be used for storing at any time during routine interruption.

70% ethanol

True/False: In dehydration with alcohol, Specimen should not be more than 4mm thick

True

For complete dehydration, layer of ________________ is added about 1/4 inch deep in the bottom of the container and covered with filter paper. It will accelerate dehydration by removing water from the agent. A blue discoloration indicate full saturation, which requires a change of new, fresh Alcohol solution

Anhydrous copper sulfate

- Routine dehydration - Clear, colorless, flammable liquid - Best dehydrating agent - Boiling point 78.3 C

Ethanol(Ethyl alcohol)

- Utilized in plant and animal micro-techniques - Boiling point 117.7 C

Butanol(butyl alcohol)

-Universal solvent (dehydrating and clearing agent) - -Used in staining series as a dehydrating agent -Mixes with water, ethanol, xylene, and paraffine -Boling point 82.8 C

Tertiary butanol

-Excellent substitute for ethanol -Less shrinkage and hardening -No government restriction -Sufficiently water-free to use in place of absolute ethanol -Tax-free -Best all-around substitute

Isopropanol(isoprophyl alcohol)

-Cannot be used in celloidin technique since nitrocellulose is insoluble in it -Cannot be used for stain solution prep as they are not soluble

Isopropanol

-Boiling Point 128 C -Advantage • Miscible with 90% alcohol, toluene and xylene • Dissolves paraffin wax - Disadvantages: • Toxic • Cannot be used in poorly ventilated rooms • Not miscible with water

Pentanol (amyl alcohol)

- Boiling Point 56 C -Cheap, rapid-acting, used in urgent biopsies which dehydrates in 1/2 to 2 hours - Clear colorless fluid that can mix with water, ethanol and most organic solvent. - Highly flammable and require care -Rapid in action but poor in tissue penetration and can cause brittleness when placed for prolonged period of time. - Most lipids are removed when using it - Not recommended for routine

Acetone

-Excellent dehydrating and clearing agent readily miscible in water, melted paraffin, alcohol and xylol. - Produce less tissue shrinkage -Can be left for long periods without affecting the consistency and staining properties of the specimen - Expensive and extremely dangerous. -Vapor produce highly toxic action, therefore should not be used routinely - Not be recycled as risk of creating explosive peroxides

Dioxane

• Universal solvent - dehydrate and clear • Miscible with water, alcohol, xylene, and paraffin • Does not harm tissue over long time periods • Faster dehydrant than ethanol

Dioxane

- Boiling point 156.4 C -Produce no distortion or hardening when stored for months -Toxic when inhaled, skin contact, and ingestion - Combustible at 110-120 F Following exposure, reproductive, fetal, urinary and blood systems are vulnerable to toxic side effects. - If cannot avoided, propylene-based glycol ethers should be used.

Cellosolve (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether)

Advantage • Rapid dehydrating agent • Tissue may remain for months without injury • Avoids distortion not require graded dilutions

Cellosolve

- Boiling Point 215 C - It removes water very readily - Produce little distortion and hardening - Used for dehydrate sections and smears and produce minimum shrinkage

Triethylphosphate

Advantage • Used in routine paraffine technique • Displaces water readily with slight distortion • Not harden excessivley • Used as dehydrating solution in staining •Soluble in alcohol, water, ether, benzene, chloroform acetone, and xylene. •No Disadvantages

Triethylphosphate

-Both dehydrates and clears tissues - Miscible water and paraffin - Can dissolve substances including fats -Miscible with lower alcohols, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene, and xylene. - Used for demixing, clearing, and dehydrating paraffin sections before and after staining - Less shrinkage and easier cutting with fewer artifacts - Does not dissovel aniline dyes - Toxic when ingested or inhaled. Eye and skin irritant -Prolonged exposure may cause conjunctival irritation. - Must be done in well-ventilated room

Tetrahydofuran

Advantages • Miscible in all proportions with water, ether, chloroform, acetone, and hydrocarbons xylene, toluene, and benzene • Rapid without excessive shrinkage and hardening • Low fire and explosion hazard • Low to non toxic • Better results than most universal solvents • Solvents of mounting media

Tetrahydofuran

Transmission Electron Microscopy, commonly accomplished using ____________ as dehydrator and propylene oxide as transition fluid.

Ethanol

It solubilizes lipids

Ethanol

○ completely miscible with embedding resins, and with its low viscosity, it can infiltrate tissues and reduce the viscosity of embedding resin mixtures. ○ highly flammable, volatile, toxic, and potentially carcinogenic. ○Very reactive at low temperatures and may cause certain cytochemical and staining reactions. ○ It may react with epoxy groups and partially inhibit polymerization which adversely affects hardness and cutting properties of blocks

Propylene oxide

○ Good substitute for propylene oxide. ○ Non-carcinogenic, less toxic and not as flammable ○ Freely miscible with water, alcohols, acetone, and epoxy resins ○ Not interfere with epoxy polymerization and can have excellent cutting quality ○ Excellent dehydrating agent ○ Better preservation of tissue features(low solubility of phospholipids in acetonitrile limits ○ Dehydrating agent for Scanning Electron Microscope

Acentonitrile

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