問題一覧
1
Refers to the ejection of nucleus
Pyknotic
2
What is the size of the Polychromatophilic erythroblast?
10 to 15um
3
It is an aerobic pathway and considered an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
Pentose phosphate pathway
4
What releases erythropoietin in Homoestasis?
Kidney
5
About ______________ of the glucose that gets converted to lactate in erythrocyte goes via 2,3-BPG synthensis.
15-20%
6
What would happen if kidney and liver is destroyed?
No more production of RBC
7
The pathways in the breakdown of RBCs?
Extravascular, Intravascular
8
What enyzme is involve in the synthesis of certain amino acid when NADPH is used?
Glutamate dehydrogenase
9
What is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase?
NADPH
10
What are the developmental stages of RBC production? (In order)
Proerythroblast, Erythroblast, Polychromatophilic Erythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Mature RBCs
11
What does the peripheral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?
Spectrin
12
Term for Lack of Hemoglobin
Hypochromic
13
Under what condition will the 2,3-BPG concentration in the RBC increase?
Under hypoxic condition
14
Describe the cytoplasm of Polychromatophilic erythroblast.
Pinkish in color due to the presence of Hemoglobin
15
Why is NADPH important?
1.NADPH is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. 2. It is used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids. 3. The NADPH keeps the glutathione of RBC in reduced state to preserve the integrity of RBC membrane.
16
How many ATPs does Meyerhof pathway yield?
2 ATPs
17
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate produced in glycolysis is converted into 2,3-BPG by what enzyme?
2,3-Biphosphoglycerate mutase
18
It has the same size with Neutrophils and has 0-1 nucleolus
Erythroblast
19
It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.
Ribose 5-phosphate
20
Give an integral protein located in the Erythrocyte membrane?
Glycophorin A
21
It refers to the destruction of senescent red cells by spleen.
Culling
22
What is the full name of 2,3-BPG?
2,3-Biphosphoglycerate
23
What regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?
2-3-BPG
24
What happens if RBC ages?
There is a decrease in enzyme, ATP, size and increase density.
25
It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides
Ribose 5-phosphate
26
What is the normal value of RBC for male?
5.5-6.5 mil/mm3
27
This is a shunt pathway to glycolysis which is operative in the erythrocytes of man and other mammals.
Rapoport-Leubering pathway
28
How many platelets may be seen in every 100 RBC?
3-8 platelets
29
What is the normal value of RBC for female?
4.5-5.5 mil/mm3
30
What are the lipids found on the internal surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?
Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylserine
31
It is concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and Pentoses.
Pentose phosphate pathway
32
What are the lipids found on the external surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?
Phosphatidylcholine, Glycolipid, Sphingomyelin
33
Describe the cytoplasm of Proerythroblast.
Faint to pale blue, homogenous
34
What is the normal level of oxygen?
95% or higher
35
What does the integral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?
Sialic acid
36
How much of the circulating red cells does reticulocytes makes of?
0.5 to 1.5%
37
What does pentose phosphate pathway provides that is used prevent hemoglobin denaturation?
Reduced Glutathione
38
It has no nucleus and slightly larger than a mature erythrocyte.
Reticulocytes
39
The nucleus is smaller than normoblast, generally round and slightly essentric
Erythroblast
40
It stimulates the red bone marrow in Homeostasis.
Erythropoietin
41
Where does Pentose phosphate pathway takes place?
Cytosol
42
What is the size of the Proerythroblast?
15 to 20 um
43
What is the size of the Normoblast?
7 to 10um
44
It is responsible for the generation of 2,3-BPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?
Rapoport-Leubering pathway
45
What composes the Erythrocyte Membrane?
Protein (50%), Lipid (40%), Carbohydrate (10%)
46
Its nucleus is round to oval, and there is 1 to 2 nucleoli in each cell
Proerythroblast
47
Term for small RBC
Microcytic
48
What are the metabolism pathways of RBC?
Embdem Meyerhof pathway, Hexose monophosphate shunt, Rapoport-Leubering pathway, Methemoglobin reductase pathway
49
How is the normal Oxygen level maintained in the body?
It is maintained through HOMEOSTASIS by controlling oxygen supply and demand
50
It is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, the last one a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.
Pentose phosphate pathway
51
It has a small and shrunken nucleus, dense and dark staining.
Normoblast
52
What happens if there is a deficiency in G6PD?
It yields Heinz bodies
53
It maintains hemoglobin in Ferrous state to be functional.
Methemoglobin reductase pathway
54
It is non-nucleated and bi-concave disk-like cell.
Red blood cells
55
How many WBC can be seen in every 1000 RBC?
1 white blood cell
56
2,3-BPG is hyrdrolyzed to 3-phosphoglycerate by whate enzyme
biphosphoglycerate phosphatase
57
Large amount of Hemoglobin is present in the cell and where Pyknotic happens
Normoblast
58
What controls Na and K and prevent the oxidation of membrane lipid?
ATP
59
Compare Pentose Phosphate pathway with glycolysis.
It is a more complex pathway than glycolysis and is more anabolic in nature.
60
What is the size of the Erythroblast?
10 to 15 um
61
It increases RBC count in Homoestasis
Enhanced erythropoiesis
62
It refers to inadequate oxygen delivery
Hypoxia
63
Describe the cytoplasm of Erythroblast.
Royal blue in color, with moderately basophilic granules
64
Its nucleus is round and smaller compare to the 1st and 2nd stage
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
65
True/False: 10% glycolysis occurs in the Pentose phosphate pathway.
True
66
Explain the importance of 2,3-BPG.
•The 2.3-BPG combines with hemoglobin & reduces the affinity towards oxygen. •In presence of 2.3-BPG, oxyhemoglobin will unload oxygen more easily in tissues. •Under hypoxic conditions the 2.3-BPG concentration in the RBC increases, thus favoring the release of oxygen to the tissues even when PO2 is low.
67
They are the master regulators of oxygen homeostasis.
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)
68
What metabolic pathway is the major source of red cell energy?
Embden Meyerhof pathway
69
What is the main purpose of Pentose phosphate pathway?
Reduce glutathione to prevent hemoglobin denaturation.
70
It is often mistaken with Lymphocytes and also where hemoglobin makes its first appearance.
Polychromatophilic erythroblast