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Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis
70問 • 2年前
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  • 1

    It is non-nucleated and bi-concave disk-like cell.

    Red blood cells

  • 2

    How many platelets may be seen in every 100 RBC?

    3-8 platelets

  • 3

    How many WBC can be seen in every 1000 RBC?

    1 white blood cell

  • 4

    What composes the Erythrocyte Membrane?

    Protein (50%), Lipid (40%), Carbohydrate (10%)

  • 5

    What is the normal value of RBC for male?

    5.5-6.5 mil/mm3

  • 6

    What is the normal value of RBC for female?

    4.5-5.5 mil/mm3

  • 7

    Give an integral protein located in the Erythrocyte membrane?

    Glycophorin A

  • 8

    What are the lipids found on the external surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?

    Phosphatidylcholine, Glycolipid, Sphingomyelin

  • 9

    What are the lipids found on the internal surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?

    Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylserine

  • 10

    What does the integral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?

    Sialic acid

  • 11

    What does the peripheral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?

    Spectrin

  • 12

    What are the metabolism pathways of RBC?

    Embdem Meyerhof pathway, Hexose monophosphate shunt, Rapoport-Leubering pathway, Methemoglobin reductase pathway

  • 13

    What metabolic pathway is the major source of red cell energy?

    Embden Meyerhof pathway

  • 14

    How many ATPs does Meyerhof pathway yield?

    2 ATPs

  • 15

    What controls Na and K and prevent the oxidation of membrane lipid?

    ATP

  • 16

    This is a shunt pathway to glycolysis which is operative in the erythrocytes of man and other mammals.

    Rapoport-Leubering pathway

  • 17

    What regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?

    2-3-BPG

  • 18

    It is responsible for the generation of 2,3-BPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?

    Rapoport-Leubering pathway

  • 19

    What is the full name of 2,3-BPG?

    2,3-Biphosphoglycerate

  • 20

    About ______________ of the glucose that gets converted to lactate in erythrocyte goes via 2,3-BPG synthensis.

    15-20%

  • 21

    Explain the importance of 2,3-BPG.

    •The 2.3-BPG combines with hemoglobin & reduces the affinity towards oxygen. •In presence of 2.3-BPG, oxyhemoglobin will unload oxygen more easily in tissues. •Under hypoxic conditions the 2.3-BPG concentration in the RBC increases, thus favoring the release of oxygen to the tissues even when PO2 is low.

  • 22

    It is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, the last one a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.

    Pentose phosphate pathway

  • 23

    True/False: 10% glycolysis occurs in the Pentose phosphate pathway.

    True

  • 24

    What happens if there is a deficiency in G6PD?

    It yields Heinz bodies

  • 25

    It is an aerobic pathway and considered an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.

    Pentose phosphate pathway

  • 26

    Compare Pentose Phosphate pathway with glycolysis.

    It is a more complex pathway than glycolysis and is more anabolic in nature.

  • 27

    Where does Pentose phosphate pathway takes place?

    Cytosol

  • 28

    It is concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and Pentoses.

    Pentose phosphate pathway

  • 29

    What is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase?

    NADPH

  • 30

    What enyzme is involve in the synthesis of certain amino acid when NADPH is used?

    Glutamate dehydrogenase

  • 31

    Why is NADPH important?

    1.NADPH is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. 2. It is used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids. 3. The NADPH keeps the glutathione of RBC in reduced state to preserve the integrity of RBC membrane.

  • 32

    It maintains hemoglobin in Ferrous state to be functional.

    Methemoglobin reductase pathway

  • 33

    What happens if RBC ages?

    There is a decrease in enzyme, ATP, size and increase density.

  • 34

    It refers to the destruction of senescent red cells by spleen.

    Culling

  • 35

    The pathways in the breakdown of RBCs?

    Extravascular, Intravascular

  • 36

    What releases erythropoietin in Homoestasis?

    Kidney

  • 37

    It stimulates the red bone marrow in Homeostasis.

    Erythropoietin

  • 38

    It increases RBC count in Homoestasis

    Enhanced erythropoiesis

  • 39

    It refers to inadequate oxygen delivery

    Hypoxia

  • 40

    They are the master regulators of oxygen homeostasis.

    Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)

  • 41

    What is the normal level of oxygen?

    95% or higher

  • 42

    How is the normal Oxygen level maintained in the body?

    It is maintained through HOMEOSTASIS by controlling oxygen supply and demand

  • 43

    What would happen if kidney and liver is destroyed?

    No more production of RBC

  • 44

    It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.

    Ribose 5-phosphate

  • 45

    Term for Lack of Hemoglobin

    Hypochromic

  • 46

    Term for small RBC

    Microcytic

  • 47

    What are the developmental stages of RBC production? (In order)

    Proerythroblast, Erythroblast, Polychromatophilic Erythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Mature RBCs

  • 48

    It has the same size with Neutrophils and has 0-1 nucleolus

    Erythroblast

  • 49

    The nucleus is smaller than normoblast, generally round and slightly essentric

    Erythroblast

  • 50

    Its nucleus is round to oval, and there is 1 to 2 nucleoli in each cell

    Proerythroblast

  • 51

    It is often mistaken with Lymphocytes and also where hemoglobin makes its first appearance.

    Polychromatophilic erythroblast

  • 52

    Its nucleus is round and smaller compare to the 1st and 2nd stage

    Polychromatophilic erythroblast

  • 53

    Describe the cytoplasm of Proerythroblast.

    Faint to pale blue, homogenous

  • 54

    Describe the cytoplasm of Erythroblast.

    Royal blue in color, with moderately basophilic granules

  • 55

    Describe the cytoplasm of Polychromatophilic erythroblast.

    Pinkish in color due to the presence of Hemoglobin

  • 56

    Refers to the ejection of nucleus

    Pyknotic

  • 57

    It has a small and shrunken nucleus, dense and dark staining.

    Normoblast

  • 58

    Large amount of Hemoglobin is present in the cell and where Pyknotic happens

    Normoblast

  • 59

    It has no nucleus and slightly larger than a mature erythrocyte.

    Reticulocytes

  • 60

    How much of the circulating red cells does reticulocytes makes of?

    0.5 to 1.5%

  • 61

    What is the size of the Proerythroblast?

    15 to 20 um

  • 62

    What is the size of the Erythroblast?

    10 to 15 um

  • 63

    What is the size of the Polychromatophilic erythroblast?

    10 to 15um

  • 64

    What is the size of the Normoblast?

    7 to 10um

  • 65

    What is the main purpose of Pentose phosphate pathway?

    Reduce glutathione to prevent hemoglobin denaturation.

  • 66

    It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides

    Ribose 5-phosphate

  • 67

    Under what condition will the 2,3-BPG concentration in the RBC increase?

    Under hypoxic condition

  • 68

    What does pentose phosphate pathway provides that is used prevent hemoglobin denaturation?

    Reduced Glutathione

  • 69

    2,3-BPG is hyrdrolyzed to 3-phosphoglycerate by whate enzyme

    biphosphoglycerate phosphatase

  • 70

    1,3-Biphosphoglycerate produced in glycolysis is converted into 2,3-BPG by what enzyme?

    2,3-Biphosphoglycerate mutase

  • Translation(Pre-finals)

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    It is non-nucleated and bi-concave disk-like cell.

    Red blood cells

  • 2

    How many platelets may be seen in every 100 RBC?

    3-8 platelets

  • 3

    How many WBC can be seen in every 1000 RBC?

    1 white blood cell

  • 4

    What composes the Erythrocyte Membrane?

    Protein (50%), Lipid (40%), Carbohydrate (10%)

  • 5

    What is the normal value of RBC for male?

    5.5-6.5 mil/mm3

  • 6

    What is the normal value of RBC for female?

    4.5-5.5 mil/mm3

  • 7

    Give an integral protein located in the Erythrocyte membrane?

    Glycophorin A

  • 8

    What are the lipids found on the external surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?

    Phosphatidylcholine, Glycolipid, Sphingomyelin

  • 9

    What are the lipids found on the internal surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?

    Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylserine

  • 10

    What does the integral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?

    Sialic acid

  • 11

    What does the peripheral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?

    Spectrin

  • 12

    What are the metabolism pathways of RBC?

    Embdem Meyerhof pathway, Hexose monophosphate shunt, Rapoport-Leubering pathway, Methemoglobin reductase pathway

  • 13

    What metabolic pathway is the major source of red cell energy?

    Embden Meyerhof pathway

  • 14

    How many ATPs does Meyerhof pathway yield?

    2 ATPs

  • 15

    What controls Na and K and prevent the oxidation of membrane lipid?

    ATP

  • 16

    This is a shunt pathway to glycolysis which is operative in the erythrocytes of man and other mammals.

    Rapoport-Leubering pathway

  • 17

    What regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?

    2-3-BPG

  • 18

    It is responsible for the generation of 2,3-BPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?

    Rapoport-Leubering pathway

  • 19

    What is the full name of 2,3-BPG?

    2,3-Biphosphoglycerate

  • 20

    About ______________ of the glucose that gets converted to lactate in erythrocyte goes via 2,3-BPG synthensis.

    15-20%

  • 21

    Explain the importance of 2,3-BPG.

    •The 2.3-BPG combines with hemoglobin & reduces the affinity towards oxygen. •In presence of 2.3-BPG, oxyhemoglobin will unload oxygen more easily in tissues. •Under hypoxic conditions the 2.3-BPG concentration in the RBC increases, thus favoring the release of oxygen to the tissues even when PO2 is low.

  • 22

    It is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, the last one a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.

    Pentose phosphate pathway

  • 23

    True/False: 10% glycolysis occurs in the Pentose phosphate pathway.

    True

  • 24

    What happens if there is a deficiency in G6PD?

    It yields Heinz bodies

  • 25

    It is an aerobic pathway and considered an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.

    Pentose phosphate pathway

  • 26

    Compare Pentose Phosphate pathway with glycolysis.

    It is a more complex pathway than glycolysis and is more anabolic in nature.

  • 27

    Where does Pentose phosphate pathway takes place?

    Cytosol

  • 28

    It is concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and Pentoses.

    Pentose phosphate pathway

  • 29

    What is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase?

    NADPH

  • 30

    What enyzme is involve in the synthesis of certain amino acid when NADPH is used?

    Glutamate dehydrogenase

  • 31

    Why is NADPH important?

    1.NADPH is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. 2. It is used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids. 3. The NADPH keeps the glutathione of RBC in reduced state to preserve the integrity of RBC membrane.

  • 32

    It maintains hemoglobin in Ferrous state to be functional.

    Methemoglobin reductase pathway

  • 33

    What happens if RBC ages?

    There is a decrease in enzyme, ATP, size and increase density.

  • 34

    It refers to the destruction of senescent red cells by spleen.

    Culling

  • 35

    The pathways in the breakdown of RBCs?

    Extravascular, Intravascular

  • 36

    What releases erythropoietin in Homoestasis?

    Kidney

  • 37

    It stimulates the red bone marrow in Homeostasis.

    Erythropoietin

  • 38

    It increases RBC count in Homoestasis

    Enhanced erythropoiesis

  • 39

    It refers to inadequate oxygen delivery

    Hypoxia

  • 40

    They are the master regulators of oxygen homeostasis.

    Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)

  • 41

    What is the normal level of oxygen?

    95% or higher

  • 42

    How is the normal Oxygen level maintained in the body?

    It is maintained through HOMEOSTASIS by controlling oxygen supply and demand

  • 43

    What would happen if kidney and liver is destroyed?

    No more production of RBC

  • 44

    It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.

    Ribose 5-phosphate

  • 45

    Term for Lack of Hemoglobin

    Hypochromic

  • 46

    Term for small RBC

    Microcytic

  • 47

    What are the developmental stages of RBC production? (In order)

    Proerythroblast, Erythroblast, Polychromatophilic Erythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Mature RBCs

  • 48

    It has the same size with Neutrophils and has 0-1 nucleolus

    Erythroblast

  • 49

    The nucleus is smaller than normoblast, generally round and slightly essentric

    Erythroblast

  • 50

    Its nucleus is round to oval, and there is 1 to 2 nucleoli in each cell

    Proerythroblast

  • 51

    It is often mistaken with Lymphocytes and also where hemoglobin makes its first appearance.

    Polychromatophilic erythroblast

  • 52

    Its nucleus is round and smaller compare to the 1st and 2nd stage

    Polychromatophilic erythroblast

  • 53

    Describe the cytoplasm of Proerythroblast.

    Faint to pale blue, homogenous

  • 54

    Describe the cytoplasm of Erythroblast.

    Royal blue in color, with moderately basophilic granules

  • 55

    Describe the cytoplasm of Polychromatophilic erythroblast.

    Pinkish in color due to the presence of Hemoglobin

  • 56

    Refers to the ejection of nucleus

    Pyknotic

  • 57

    It has a small and shrunken nucleus, dense and dark staining.

    Normoblast

  • 58

    Large amount of Hemoglobin is present in the cell and where Pyknotic happens

    Normoblast

  • 59

    It has no nucleus and slightly larger than a mature erythrocyte.

    Reticulocytes

  • 60

    How much of the circulating red cells does reticulocytes makes of?

    0.5 to 1.5%

  • 61

    What is the size of the Proerythroblast?

    15 to 20 um

  • 62

    What is the size of the Erythroblast?

    10 to 15 um

  • 63

    What is the size of the Polychromatophilic erythroblast?

    10 to 15um

  • 64

    What is the size of the Normoblast?

    7 to 10um

  • 65

    What is the main purpose of Pentose phosphate pathway?

    Reduce glutathione to prevent hemoglobin denaturation.

  • 66

    It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides

    Ribose 5-phosphate

  • 67

    Under what condition will the 2,3-BPG concentration in the RBC increase?

    Under hypoxic condition

  • 68

    What does pentose phosphate pathway provides that is used prevent hemoglobin denaturation?

    Reduced Glutathione

  • 69

    2,3-BPG is hyrdrolyzed to 3-phosphoglycerate by whate enzyme

    biphosphoglycerate phosphatase

  • 70

    1,3-Biphosphoglycerate produced in glycolysis is converted into 2,3-BPG by what enzyme?

    2,3-Biphosphoglycerate mutase