問題一覧
1
It is non-nucleated and bi-concave disk-like cell.
Red blood cells
2
How many platelets may be seen in every 100 RBC?
3-8 platelets
3
How many WBC can be seen in every 1000 RBC?
1 white blood cell
4
What composes the Erythrocyte Membrane?
Protein (50%), Lipid (40%), Carbohydrate (10%)
5
What is the normal value of RBC for male?
5.5-6.5 mil/mm3
6
What is the normal value of RBC for female?
4.5-5.5 mil/mm3
7
Give an integral protein located in the Erythrocyte membrane?
Glycophorin A
8
What are the lipids found on the external surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?
Phosphatidylcholine, Glycolipid, Sphingomyelin
9
What are the lipids found on the internal surface of the Erythrocyte membrane?
Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylserine
10
What does the integral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?
Sialic acid
11
What does the peripheral protein in the Erythrocyte membrane contain?
Spectrin
12
What are the metabolism pathways of RBC?
Embdem Meyerhof pathway, Hexose monophosphate shunt, Rapoport-Leubering pathway, Methemoglobin reductase pathway
13
What metabolic pathway is the major source of red cell energy?
Embden Meyerhof pathway
14
How many ATPs does Meyerhof pathway yield?
2 ATPs
15
What controls Na and K and prevent the oxidation of membrane lipid?
ATP
16
This is a shunt pathway to glycolysis which is operative in the erythrocytes of man and other mammals.
Rapoport-Leubering pathway
17
What regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?
2-3-BPG
18
It is responsible for the generation of 2,3-BPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen?
Rapoport-Leubering pathway
19
What is the full name of 2,3-BPG?
2,3-Biphosphoglycerate
20
About ______________ of the glucose that gets converted to lactate in erythrocyte goes via 2,3-BPG synthensis.
15-20%
21
Explain the importance of 2,3-BPG.
•The 2.3-BPG combines with hemoglobin & reduces the affinity towards oxygen. •In presence of 2.3-BPG, oxyhemoglobin will unload oxygen more easily in tissues. •Under hypoxic conditions the 2.3-BPG concentration in the RBC increases, thus favoring the release of oxygen to the tissues even when PO2 is low.
22
It is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, the last one a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.
Pentose phosphate pathway
23
True/False: 10% glycolysis occurs in the Pentose phosphate pathway.
True
24
What happens if there is a deficiency in G6PD?
It yields Heinz bodies
25
It is an aerobic pathway and considered an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
Pentose phosphate pathway
26
Compare Pentose Phosphate pathway with glycolysis.
It is a more complex pathway than glycolysis and is more anabolic in nature.
27
Where does Pentose phosphate pathway takes place?
Cytosol
28
It is concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and Pentoses.
Pentose phosphate pathway
29
What is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase?
NADPH
30
What enyzme is involve in the synthesis of certain amino acid when NADPH is used?
Glutamate dehydrogenase
31
Why is NADPH important?
1.NADPH is used in the synthesis of certain amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. 2. It is used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids. 3. The NADPH keeps the glutathione of RBC in reduced state to preserve the integrity of RBC membrane.
32
It maintains hemoglobin in Ferrous state to be functional.
Methemoglobin reductase pathway
33
What happens if RBC ages?
There is a decrease in enzyme, ATP, size and increase density.
34
It refers to the destruction of senescent red cells by spleen.
Culling
35
The pathways in the breakdown of RBCs?
Extravascular, Intravascular
36
What releases erythropoietin in Homoestasis?
Kidney
37
It stimulates the red bone marrow in Homeostasis.
Erythropoietin
38
It increases RBC count in Homoestasis
Enhanced erythropoiesis
39
It refers to inadequate oxygen delivery
Hypoxia
40
They are the master regulators of oxygen homeostasis.
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)
41
What is the normal level of oxygen?
95% or higher
42
How is the normal Oxygen level maintained in the body?
It is maintained through HOMEOSTASIS by controlling oxygen supply and demand
43
What would happen if kidney and liver is destroyed?
No more production of RBC
44
It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.
Ribose 5-phosphate
45
Term for Lack of Hemoglobin
Hypochromic
46
Term for small RBC
Microcytic
47
What are the developmental stages of RBC production? (In order)
Proerythroblast, Erythroblast, Polychromatophilic Erythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Mature RBCs
48
It has the same size with Neutrophils and has 0-1 nucleolus
Erythroblast
49
The nucleus is smaller than normoblast, generally round and slightly essentric
Erythroblast
50
Its nucleus is round to oval, and there is 1 to 2 nucleoli in each cell
Proerythroblast
51
It is often mistaken with Lymphocytes and also where hemoglobin makes its first appearance.
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
52
Its nucleus is round and smaller compare to the 1st and 2nd stage
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
53
Describe the cytoplasm of Proerythroblast.
Faint to pale blue, homogenous
54
Describe the cytoplasm of Erythroblast.
Royal blue in color, with moderately basophilic granules
55
Describe the cytoplasm of Polychromatophilic erythroblast.
Pinkish in color due to the presence of Hemoglobin
56
Refers to the ejection of nucleus
Pyknotic
57
It has a small and shrunken nucleus, dense and dark staining.
Normoblast
58
Large amount of Hemoglobin is present in the cell and where Pyknotic happens
Normoblast
59
It has no nucleus and slightly larger than a mature erythrocyte.
Reticulocytes
60
How much of the circulating red cells does reticulocytes makes of?
0.5 to 1.5%
61
What is the size of the Proerythroblast?
15 to 20 um
62
What is the size of the Erythroblast?
10 to 15 um
63
What is the size of the Polychromatophilic erythroblast?
10 to 15um
64
What is the size of the Normoblast?
7 to 10um
65
What is the main purpose of Pentose phosphate pathway?
Reduce glutathione to prevent hemoglobin denaturation.
66
It is a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides
Ribose 5-phosphate
67
Under what condition will the 2,3-BPG concentration in the RBC increase?
Under hypoxic condition
68
What does pentose phosphate pathway provides that is used prevent hemoglobin denaturation?
Reduced Glutathione
69
2,3-BPG is hyrdrolyzed to 3-phosphoglycerate by whate enzyme
biphosphoglycerate phosphatase
70
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate produced in glycolysis is converted into 2,3-BPG by what enzyme?
2,3-Biphosphoglycerate mutase