Anaerobes Part 1

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

They are organisms that do not require oxygen to obtain energy or to grow.

Anaerobes

These are bacteria that do not live or grow when oxygen is present.

Anaerobes

Where can you find anaerobes?

Soil Fresh water Salt water sediments

These are anaerobes that exists outside of the bodies of animals

Exogenous anaerobes

What infections does Exogenous anaerobes cause?

Exogenous infections

What bacteria does normally cause exogenous infection?

Clostridium

These are anaerobes that exists inside of the bodies of animals and these are anaerobes most frequently isolated from infectious processes in humans.

Endogenous anaerobes

What infections does Endogenous anaerobes cause?

Endogenous infections

What anaerobes are found/sited on the skin?

Propionibacterium Peptostreptococci

What anaerobes are found on the on the URT?

Peptostreptococci Actinomyces Propionibacterium Campylobacter Fusobacterium Prevotella Veillonella

What anaerobes are found on the Oral cavity?

Actinomyces Eubacterium/Eggerthella Peptostreptococci Campylobacter Fusobacterium Prevotella Bifidobacterium Porphyromonas Veillonella

What anaerobes are found on the Intestine?

Bifidobacterium Eubacterium/Eggerthella Clostridium Peptostreptococci Bacteroides fragilis group Parabacteroides Bilophila Campylobacter Fusobacterium Porphyromonas Prevotella Sutterella Veillonella

What anaerobes are found on the Genitourinary tract?

Peptostreptococci Bifidobacterium Fusobacterium Lactobacillus Mobiluncus Prevotella Veillonella

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Actinomycosis?

Actinomyces israelil and other Actinomyces

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Clostridium difficile

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Bacteremia?

Bacteroides fragilis Fusobacteria Clostridia Peptostreptococci

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Brain abscess?

Bacteroides spp. Prevotella spp. Porphyromonas spp. Fusobacterium spp. Clostridium spp.

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Female genitourinary tract infection?

Actinomyces israelil Bacteroides spp. Clostridium spp. Peptostreptococci Prevotella bivia

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Intra-abdominal infections, liver abscess, peritonitis, perineal and perirectal infections?

Bacteroides spp. Fusobacterium Clostridium perfringens Peptostreptococci

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing myonecrosis?

Clostridium perfringens Clostridium novyi Clostridium septicum

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Oral, sinus and dental infections?

Peptostreptococci Porphyromonas Fusobacterium

What endogenous anaerobes are commonly involved in causing Aspiration pneumonia and pleuropulmonary infections?

Bacteroides fragilis Fusobacterium nucleatum Peptostreptococci Porphyromonas Actinomyces

What are the indicators of Anaerobes bacteria?

1.Foul odor upon opening an anaerobic jar or bag (such as the C. difficile, Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas) 2.Presence of sulfur granules (such as the Actinomyces spp., Propionibacterium spp., Eubacterium nodatum) 3.Brick-red Fluorescence (such as Prevotella or Porphyromonas) 4.Absence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) 5.Growth on anaerobic culture plate 6.Double zone of hemolysis incubated anaerobically.

What bacteria/s produce foul odor upon opening an anaerobic jar or bag?

Clostridium difficile Fusobacterium Porphyromonas

What bacteria/s can possibly be present if there is presence of sulfur granules?

Actinomyces spp. Propionibacterium spp. Eubacterium nodatum

What bacteria/s produce brick-red fluorescence?

Prevotella Porphyromonas

What are included in the Gram positive Anaerobic spore-forming bacilli?

Clostridia spp.

They are obligate anaerobic, gram-positive spore forming rod which are frequently encountered in exogenous anaerobic infections or intoxications.

Clostridia

Its toxins usually gain access to the body through ingestion or via open wounds that have been contaminated with soil.

Clostridia

What is the Biochemical test and result for Clostridia?

Catalase (-)

What contributes to the virulence of Clostridia?

Collagenase Hyaluronidase Lecithinase (Cell Destruction) Phospholipase

What belongs to the Histotoxic clostridia which causes myonecrosis?

Clostridium perfringens Clostridium novyi Clostridium septicum Clostridium histolyticum Clostridium bifermetans

It is the only urease positive Clostridia

Clostridium sordelli

It is a marker for a malignancy in the GI tract; "smooth swarming" growth on plated media

Clostridium septicum

All Clostridiaa spp. are motile with petrichous flagella except?

Clostridium perfringens Clostridium bifermentans

All Clostridia spp. have swollen sporangia except?

Clostridium perfringens Clostridium ramosum Clostridium innocum

All Clostridia spp. are non-encapsulated except?

Clostridium perfringens

All Clostridia spp. has a single hemolytic reaction except?

Clostridium perfringens

All Clostridia spp. Are CHO fermenters except?

Clostridium tetani Clostridium histolyticum

Clostridia spp. Forms endospores anaerobically, some members are killed immediately in the presence of oxygen such as?

Clostridium novyi

Clostridium perfringens is also known as what?

Gas gangrene bacillus

Clostridium perfringens is formerly known as?

Clostridium welchii

It is the most commonly isolated member of Clostridia in blood cultures.

Clostridium perfringens

Microscopy: "boxcar"- shaped bacilli, spores are seldom seen, but it is oval, central to subterminal

Clostridium perfringens

Culture: dome-shaped, gray to white colonies - BAP with double zone of hemolysis (alpha and beta zones)

Clostridium perfringens

Describe Clostridium perfringens in litmus milk medium

"stormy fermentation of milk"

What does Clostridium perfringens produce which lowers the viscosity of exudates?

Deoxyribonuclease

What are the biochemical test and result for Clostridium perfringens?

Very fermentative; non motile Lecithinase(+) Nagler test(+) Reverse CAMP test(+)

What are the virulence factors of Clostridium perfringens?

a-toxin Enterotoxin

What is/are the clinical infections cause by Clostridium perfringens?

Gas gangrene/myonecrosis Food poisoning/ Enteritis necrotans

Food poisoning or Enteritis necrotans is also known as?

Pig-bel

What are the two types of Food poisoning?

Type A food poisoning Type C food poisoning

This type of Food poisoning causes mild and self-limiting gastrointestinal illness; with diarrhea and cramping abdominal pain

Type A food poisoning

This type of Food poisoning causes serious but rarely encountered in humans; with bloody diarrhea and vomiting

Type C food poisoning

Clostridium tetani is also known as what?

Tack head bacillus

They are soil and environmental inhabitants. Endospores are found in hospital environments, in soil, dust, and in the feces of many farm animals.

Clostridium tetani

Microscopy: with terminal spores and swollen sporangia "drumstick/lollipop/tennis racket" appearance

Clostridium tetani

Culture: heavy "smooth swarming" anaerobically but grow slowly colonies are with matte surface with narrow zone of β-hemolysis - BAP

Clostridium tetani

What are the biochemical test and result for Clostridium tetani?

Gelatinase(+) Indole(+) Licithinase(-) Lipase(-)

What is the virulence factor of Clostridium tetani?

Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)

It is an endopeptidase that selectively cleaves the synaptic vesicle membrane protein synaptobrevin

Tetanospasmin

What is the associated disease with Clostridium tetani?

Tetanus

Gas gangrene/Myonecrosis is caused by what?

a-toxin

Food poisoning/Enteric necrotans is caused by what?

Enterotoxin

-life threatening destruction of muscle and other tissues caused by α-toxin, a lecithinase enzyme (phospholipase C) -organisms contaminate wounds either thru trauma, frostbite or surgery -accompanied by bullae (fluid-filled blisters), pain swelling, serous discharge, discoloration and tissue necrosis.

Gas gangrene/Myonecrosis

What is the treatment for Gas gangrene/Myonecrosis?

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

In this procedure, infected muscles or tissues are exposed to high concentration of O₂ at increased pressure

Hyperbaric oxygen theraphy

-It is characterized by ingestion of enterotoxin in contaminated food. -improperly stored food allows germination of the spores and growth of vegetative bacteria.

Food poisoning/Enteric necrotans

It is also termed as Pig-bel

Food poisoning/Enteric necrotans

What is the symptoms of Food poisoning/Enteric necrotans?

Diarrhea (foul-smelling stool) Crampy abdominal feeling

-It is characterized by "trismus" (lockjaw) and "risus sardonicus" (distorted grin). -It occurs when the organism (spore) enters an open wound and elaborates the potent toxin that mediates generalized muscle spasms.

Tetanus

What are the symptoms for Tetanus?

Muscular rigidity (jaws, neck and lumbar region) Difficulty in swallowing Rigidity of the abdomen, chest, back and limbs

Contaminated instruments used for newborns

Tetanus neonatorum

Clostridium botulinum is also known as?

Canned good bacillus

They are found in soil and aquatic sediments and are characterized by the presence of subterminal spore

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium specie that is a potential agent for bioterrorism

Clostridium botulinum

A proteolytic bacterium with the ability to oxidize one amino acid with the second amino acid as the electron acceptor (Stickland reaction).

Clostridium botulinum

What is the virulence factors of Clostridium botulinum?

Botulism toxin

It is the most potent toxin to man

Botulism toxin

It rakes only a small amount of botulism toxin to cause _______________.

Paralysis and death

Botulism toxin has 7 antigenically different types (A to G) - only _____________ are associated with human infections.

types A, B, and E

It is used medically to treat strabismus (wandering eye) and as a beauty enhancer by temporarily improving frown lines (botox treatment).

Botulism toxin type A

It selectively cleaves the synaptic vesicle membrane protein synaptobrevin, preventing exocytosis and release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Botulism toxic

What is the infection caused by Clostridium botulinum?

Botulism

It is characterized by double or blurred vision, impaired speech, difficulty in swallowing, weakness, and paralysis.

Botulism

What are the two types of botulism?

Foodborne botulism Infant botulism

Other name for Infant botulism

Floppy baby syndrome

What is the main cause of Foodborne botulism?

Botulism toxin A

This results from ingestion of preformed toxin in non-acidic vegetable, preserved food, meat-based food or mushroom foodstuffs.

Foodborne botulism

It is an actual infection caused by ingesting the organism from honey or via breast feeding.

Infant botulism (Floppy baby syndrome)

It is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis (bloody diarrhea with necrosis of colonic mucosa).

Clostridium difficile

Acquired in hospitals by individuals receiving antibiotics. And present occasionally on the hands of hospital personnel.

Clostridium difficile

-An "infection control dilemma" among hospitalized patients -Found as part of the GI biota in about 5% of individuals.

Clostridium difficile

Microscopy: chains up to 6 cells aligned end to end endospores may be oval and subterminal

Clostridium difficile

Yellow, ground glass colonies - CCFA (Cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar)

Clostridium difficile

Fluoresce chartreuse under long wave UV; nonhemolytic, has a"horse stable" or "barnyard" odor in Blood Agar Plate

Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile ferments _____________________.

Fructose producing formic acid (CCFA)

Clostridium difficile produces __________________.

Glutamate dehydrogenase

What are the virulence factors of Clostridium difficile?

toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin)

100

Guidelines for collection, Transport and Storage of Specimens for Anaerobic Culture -All specimens should be held at temperature pending processing in the laboratory because the refrigerator can oxygenate the specimen -An improperly collected specimen may result in the growth of many different anaerobes. -The Specimen must be collected from the actual site of the infection and not just a swab of a mucosal surface (material for anaerobic culture is best obtained by tissue or by aspiration using a needle and syringe.) -Swabs should be used only when aspiration of material is not possible and a biopsy specimen is not available -The swabs should be placed into 0.5 ml sterile thioglycolate broth. -Food and fecal specimens suspected of C.pefringens food poisoning should be transported at 4 degrees Celsius -A crucial factor in the final success of anaerobic cultures is the transport of the specimen.

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