Pathogenesis Part 1

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

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Development of an infection and disease

Pathogenesis

It involves the growth and multiplication of microorganisms that causes damage to the host.

Infection

It is the bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply, and then cause diseases through local cellular injury, toxin secretion or antigen-antibody reaction in the host.

Infection

What are the types of Infection according to the Cause?

Autogenous infection, Iatrogenic infection, Opportunistic infection, Nosocomial infection

This type of infection is caused by a microorganism from the microbiota of the host.

Autogenous infection

This type of infection is an infection that occurs as the result of some medical treatment or procedure

Iatrogenic infection

This type of infection is an infection that affects immunocompromised host but not the individual with a normal immune system

Opportunistic infection

This type of infection is also known as the hospital- acquired infection and is a acquired at a healthcare facility

Nosocomial infection

It still considered as the cornerstone of modern infection control programs

Handwashing

What are the 4 common types of Nosocomial Infections?

Urinary tract infection, Lung infection, Surgical site infection, Blood stream infection

What are the Predisposing factors to Nosocomial Infection?

Wide variety of microbes in the hospital environment, Weakened or immuno compromised patients

Chain of transmission of Nosocomial Infection

From health worker to patients, From patients to patients, Use of fomites, Airborne transmission, Vector-borne transmission

What are the types of Infection according to Host Distribution?

Local infection, Focal infection, Systemic infection

In this type of infection, the signs and symptoms are confined in one area.

Local infection

This type of infection starts as an local infection before spreading to the other parts of the body.

Focal infection

In this type of infection, the microbes spread throughout the body through the blood or lymph.

Systemic infection

What are the types of systematic infections?

Bacteremia, Septicemia, Pyremia

The presence of bacteria in blood

Bacteremia

True/False: Organisms invade the bloodstream with Active Multiplication

False

True/False: The highest concentration of bacteria in the blood occurs before the fever spikes.

True

Active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood

Septicemia

It is a condition wherein pus-producing organisms reapetedly invade the bloodstream and become localized at different parts of the body.

Pyremia

What are the extent of Infection?

Primary infection, Secondary infection, Latent infection, Mixed infection, Acute infection, Chronic infection

It is the initial infection that causes the illness

Primary infection

Give an example of primary infection

Common cold

It is an infection caused by opportunistic pathogens after the primary infection has weakened the host's immune system

Secondary infection

Give examples of secondary infections

Pneumonia, Bronchitis

It is an infection which is clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticable illness in the host. Then severe and acute infraction manifest.

Latent infection

Give an example of Latent infection

Asymptomatic type polio infection

It is an infection caused by two or more organisms

Mixed infection

Give an example of Mixed infection

Wound infection

Type of infection that develops and progresses slowly

Acute infection

Example of an Acute infection

Whooping cough

An infection which develops slowly with milder but long lasting symptoms

Chronic infection

Give an example of chronic infection

Tuberculosis

Give the routes of infections through Direct Transmission

Congenital contact, Sexual contact, Infectious respiratory secretions, Hand to hand transmission

Microbes that are transmitted through Congenital Contact

Streptococcus agalactiae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum

Microbes that are transmitted through sexual contact

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum

Microbes that are transmitted through Infectious respiratory secretions or droplets.

Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis

Microbes transmitted through hand to hand transmission

Rhinovirus

Give the routes of infections through Indirect Transmission

Fomites, Water, Arthropod vectors

A specific illness or disorder that is characterized by a recognizable signs and symptoms which are attributable to heredity, infection, and environment.

Disease

It results when the infection produces notable changes in the human physiology, specifically those that cause damage to the body's organ system

Disease

List down the Classification of Infectious Diseases

Communicable disease, Non-communicable disease

This type of disease spreads from one host to another, either directly or indirectly.

Communicable disease

Give examples of Communicable diseases.

Tuberculosis, Herpes, Flu, Chicken pox

This type of disease does not spread from one host to another. And caused by external microbes or by opportunistic pathogens living in the body.

Non-communicable disease

Give examples of Non-communicable disease

Tetanus, Botulism

List down the Classification of Disease According to Occurence

Sporadic disease, Endemic disease, Epidemic disease, Pandemic disease

This type of disease occurs ocassionally

Sporadic disease

This type of disease is constantly present in a particular location or population.

Endemic disease

This type of disease is a disease that affects a large number of people in a population within a short period of time

Epidemic disease

This is a disease that affects populations across large regions around the world.

Pandemic disease

These are objective changes that can be measured. Examples are fever, redness, swelling, and paralysis

Signs

These are subjective indications of the disease in a person. Examples are pain and malaise.

Symptoms

It is a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease. Example is AIDS.

Syndrome

The Phases of Infectious Disease

Incubation period, Prodromal period, Clinical period or illness period, Decline period, Convalescence or the period of recovery

The time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms.

Incubation period

In this phase of infectious disease, the signs and symptoms would appear

Prodromal period

The peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease.

Clinical or illness period

The period in which the signs and symptoms begin to subside as the host's condition improves.

Decline period

The period in which the surviving host is recuperating towards full recovery.

Convalescence or the period of recovery

List down the Predisposing Factors of Diseases

Gender, Genetic factors, Climate and weather, Nutrition, Fatigue/stress, Environment, Lifestyle, Age, Occupation

Give the 2 General Classes of Pathogenic Microorganisms

True pathogen, Opportunistic pathogens

Give examples of Opportunistic pathogens

Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli

These organisms are able to invade the tissues of healthy individuals through some inherent ability causing various diseases. normally found outside the host.

True pathogen

These organisms normally do not cause diseases in their natural habitat in healthy person. They cause diseases if the host is immunocompromised or if they enter a different part of the body.

Opportunistic pathogens

Types of Host-microbe Relationship

Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

It is the association of two organisms living in close proximity.

Symbiosis

It is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other.

Mutualism

It is a relationship in which one organism benefits while there is no beneficial or harmful effect to the other.

Commensalism

It is a relationship in which one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of its host.

Parasitism

It is a complex interaction between the host, indwelling device, and bacteria and is a key component in bacterial pathogenesis.

Biofilm production

It pertains to the ability of a pathogenic agent to produce a disease in a susceptible individual.

Pathogenicity

Give some examples of Focal Infection.

Tooth infection, Tonsillitis, Appendicitis, Wound infection

Tooth infection, tonsillitis, appendicitis and wound infections are caused by what?

Clostridium tetani

Give some examples of Local Infection.

Infected wounds, Boils, Abscesses

"memory cell" of the immune system

B- lymphocyte

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