Staphylococcus Part 1

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

What is the Family of Staphylococcus?

Micrococcaceae

This family is consist of Gram positive cocci, arranged in tetrads, clusters

Micrococcaceae

Greek word 'Kokkus' means

berry

He was the first to see staphylococci in pus specimen in 1878.

Robert Koch

He named the bacteria as "staphylococcus" in 1881

Sir Alexander Ongston

Who first observed in pus in 1871?

Friedrich von Recklinghausen

Who first cultured in liquid media?

Louis Pasteur

He named S. aureus and S. albus in 1884

Rosenbach

Also known as golden yellow colonies

Staphylococcus aureus

Also known as white colonies

Staphylococcus albus

Also known as lemon yellow colonies

Staphylococcus citreus

What are the 4 genera of Micrococcaceae?

Planococcus, Micrococcus, Stomatococcus, Staphylococcus

Staphylococci are gram positive cocci which is classified into these 2 families:

Micrococcaceae, Streptococcaceae

Phylum of Staphylococci

Firmicutes

Large Gram positive cocci, usually arranged in tetrads or in pairs

Micrococcus

It causes honeymoon cystitis

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

True/False: Micrococcus is lysed with lysostaphin (sensitive).

False

True/False: Staphylococcus is lysed with lysostaphin (sensitive).

True

True/False: Micrococcus is resistant to antibiotic furazolidone.

True

True/False: Staphylococcus is not susceptible to antibiotic furazolidone.

False

True/False: Micrococcus is not susceptible to 0.04 U of bacitracin

False

True/False: Staphylococcus is resistant to 0.04 U of bacitracin.

True

True/False: Staphylococcus is microdase positive.

False

True/False: Micrococcus is Microdase positive

True

They only grow aerobically (strict aerobes).

Micrococcus

True/False: Staphylococcus is fermentative

True

True/False: Micrococcus utilize sugars oxidatively or not at all in the O/F test.

True

The exception in staphylococci because it is an obligate anaerobe

Staphylococcus saccharolyticus

They are Catalase-producing and facultatively anaerobic except for S. saccharolyticus.

Staphylococci

Staphylcocci have ___ species and ___ sub species.

32, 15

Staphylocci which is Coagulase positive

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus delphini, Staphylococcus lutrae, Staphylococcus agnetis, Staphylococcus scheliferi(some strain)

Staphylocci which are Coagulase negative

S. epidermidis, S. hemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, S. hominis, S. capitis, S. schleiferi, S. simulans, S. warneri

It is the major structural component of the cell wall. It is important in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections.

The peptidoglycan layer

It is the other important of the cell wall aside the peptidoglycan layer.

Teichoic acid

A unique property of _________ is its ability to bind to the Fc part of all IgG molecules except IgG3.

Protein A

Where does S. aureus grow?

Ordinary media

It is an extensive exfoliative dermatitis that occurs primarily in newborns and previously healthy children.

Scalded skin syndrome

It is a rare but potentially fatal, multi-system disease that is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, musche aches, and rashes, and which rapidly progresses to hypotension and shock.

Toxic shock syndrome

It is a folliculitis affecting one or more hair follicles on the edge of the upper or lower eyelid.

Sty

It is an aggregation of infected furuncles. it may form large abscesses. It is a large are of redness, swelling and pain, punctuated by several sites of drainage pus.

Carbuncle

It is a very superficial skin infection common in children, usually produces blisters or sores on the face, neck, hands and diaper area. It is characterized by watery bristles, which become pustules and then honey colouted crust.

Impetigo

It refers to the inflammation of the bone

Osteomyelitis

How can bacteria get to the bone?

Via bloodstream, Following an injury

What are the diagnosis for Osteomyelitis

X-ray, MRI, Bone aspirates

Clinical features of Osteomyelitis

Pain, Swelling, Deformity, Defective healing, In some cases pus flow

Type of Coagulase

Cell-bound coagulase or clumping factor, Unbound or free coagulase

It coagulates the fibrinogen in the plasma. Promotes the formation of a fibrin layer around the staphylococci abscess thereby protecting the bacteria from phagocytosis.

Coagulase

It is bound to the cell wall and clots human, rabbit, or pig plasma by directly converting fibrinogen into fibrin.

Cell-bound coagulase or clumping factor

It is an extracellular enzyme that is not bound to the cell wall and causes clot formation when bacterial cells are incubated with plasma.

Unbound or free coagulase

It enhances invasion and survival in the tissue. Breaks down the hyaluronic acid that is present in the intracellular ground substances of connective tissues, resulting in the spread of bacteria.

Hyaluronidase (Spreading-factor enzyme)

What are the Enzymes and Toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus?

Coagulase, Hyaluronidase, Staphylokinase, Lipase, Deoxyribonuclease(Dnase) and phosphatase, B-lactamase, Enterotoxin, Leukocidin, Hemolysin, Exfoliatin serotypes A and B, Toxic shock syndrome toxin, Protein A

It breaks down penicillin and other B-lactam drugs. More than 90% of clinical staphylococci isolates are penicillin-resistant as a result of enzyme production.

B-lactamase

It acts as neurotoxins that stimulate vomiting through the vagus nerve, produced by the majority of Staph. aureus isolates.

Enterotoxin (Heat-stable)

It attacks and kills white blood cells, pore forming exotoxin that suppresses phagocytosis and responsible for necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections.

Leukocidin/Panton-Valentine leukocidin (Cytolytic toxin)

What are the different types of Hemolysin?

Alpha-hemolysin, Beta-hemolysin, Delta-hemolysin, Gamma-hemolysin

It is less toxic than a and B-lysins, produced by all S.aureus strains that cause RBC injury in culture and produces edematous lesions.

Gamma-hemolysin

It destroys RBC and is associated with the Panton-Valentine leukocidin.

Delta-hemolycin

It is a serin protease that divides the intracellular bridges of the epidermidis and causes extensive sloughing of the epidermis to produce a burn-like effect on the patient.

Exfoliatin serotypes A and B (Superantigens)/ Epidermolytic toxins A and B

It is a chromosomal-mediated toxin and causes almost all cases of menstruation-associated TSS and it stimulates the production of a large amount of cytokines that are responsible for the symptoms.

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)/ Enterotoxin F/Pyogenic exotoxin

What are the differential tests for Staphylococcus aureus?

Coagulase test, Mannitol fermentation test, Tellurite glycine agar, Polymyxin sensitivity test, Voges-Proskauer (VP) test, Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) test

What is the Anticoagualant used for Coagulase test?

EDTA

What are the two method that can be used in Coagulase test?

Slide method, Tube method

What is the positive result for Tube method?

Clot or coagulation formation after one to four hours of incubation

Other slide coagulase Staphylococcus are:

S. lugdunensis, S. schleiferi

Other tube coagulase Staphylococcus are:

S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. delphini, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans

It is used to screen catalase positive colonies, detects cell bound coagulase or clumping factor.

Slide method

It is considered sensitive but definitive method, detects extracellular or free coagulase.

Tube method

What is the positive result for Mannitol fermentation test?

Yellow coloured S.aureus colonies

What is the pH indicator for Mannitol fermentation test?

Phenol red

It is used to differentiate the pathogenic staph. aureus From non-pathogenic ones

Mannitol fermentation test

Staphylococcus aureus is resitant to this test

Polymyxin sensitivity test

What does CONS stands for?

Coagulase negative staphylococcus

Species of Staphylococcus which are causes for nosocomial infection

Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus

Specie of Staphylococcus that is a cause of urinary tract infection

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Species of Staphylococcus that are causes of endocarditis

Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus aureus

A method of Coagulase test that is not used nowadays

Slide method

Most commonly used method of Coagulase test

Tube method

What is the original colour of VP test?

Colorless

What does Staphylococcus aureus and S. lugdunensis have in common which makes it possible to confuse it with each other?

mecA gene

What are the specimens used in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Staphylococci?

Aspirated secretion (best sample), Purulent exudates, Joint fluids

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