Cell Histology

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

They are the building blocks of all living things.

Cells

They carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

Cells

They are group of cells that are similar in structure and function.

Tissues

Cells that connect body parts

Fibroblasts, Erythrocytes

Cells that cover and line body organs

Ephithelial cells

Cells that move organs and body parts

Skeletal muscle cells, Smooth muscles cells

Cells that store nutrients

Fat cell

Cells that fight disease

Macrophage

Cells that gathers information and controls body functions

Nerve cells

Cell of reproduction

Sperm cell, Egg cell

Movement of substance into and out of cell

Membrane transport

Transport is by two basic methods

Passive transport, Active transport

The type of transport where no energy is required

Passive transport

The type of transport where the cell must provide metabolic energy

Active transport

Homogeneous mixture of two or more components

Solution

Dissolving medium within a solution

Solvent

Components in smaller quantities within a solution

Solutes

Fluid found on the interior of the cell

Intracellular fluid

Fluid on the exterior of the cell

Interstitial fluid

Example of Intracellular fluid

Nucleoplasm, Cytosol

•The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others •This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell

Selective permeability

•Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution •Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

Diffusion

Types of diffusion

Simple diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion

This type of diffusion has ff characteristics: -Unassisted process -Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

Simple diffusion

This type of diffusion has ff characteristics: -Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane

Osmosis

This type of diffusion has ff characteristics: -Substance require a protein carrier for passive transport

Facilitated diffusion

•Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure •A pressure gradient must exist

Filtration

True/False: Solute- containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area in FILTRATION

True

Two common forms of active transport

Solute pumping, Bulk transport

Engulfs substance by enclosing in a membranous vescicle

Endocytosis

2 types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis

Cell eating

Phagocytosis

Cell drinking

Pinocytosis

In this phase, metabolic changes prepare the cell for division. At a certain point - the restriction point - the cell is commited to division and moves into S phase

G1 phase

In this phase, DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material. Each chromosome now consist of two sister chromatids.

S phase

In this phase, metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokineses.

G2 phase

In this phase, a nuclear division(mitosis) occurs followerd by a cell division(cytokinesis).

M phase

DNA segment that carries a blue print for building one protein

Gene

Functions in building materials for cell and act as enzymes

Proteins

It is essential for protein synthesis

RNA

Biological catalyst

Enzymes

Cells have two major periods

Interphase, Cell division

During this period, the cell grows and carries on metabolic processes.

Interphase

During this period, the cell replicates itself and function to produce more cells for growth and repair processes

Cell division

•Genetic material duplicates and readies a cell for division into two cells. •Occurs toward the end of interphase. •DNA uncoils and each side serves as template.

DNA replication

•Division of the nucleus •Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei.

Mitosis

Division of the cytoplasm •Begins when mitosis is near completion •Results in the formation of two daughter cells

Cytokinesis

It is the form of eukaryotic cell division that produce haploid sex cells or gametes from diploid cells.

Meoisis

Contains a single copy of each chromosome

Haploid cells

Contains two copies of each chromosome

Diploid cells

Stages of mitosis(in order)

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

In this stage of Mitosis: •No cell division occurs •The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth

Interphase

In this stage of Mitosis: •Centromers migrate to the poles •First part of cell division

Prophase

In this stage of Mitosis: •Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell

Metaphase

In this stage of Mitosis: •Daughter chromosome are pulled towards the poles •The cell begins to elongate

Anaphase

In this stage of Mitosis: •Daughter nuclei begin forming •A cleavage furrow begins to form

Telophase

Four primary types of Tissues:

Epithelial tissues, Connective tissues, Nervous tissues, Muscle tissue

•Found in different areas -Body coverings -Body lining -Glandular tissue •Functions -Protection -Absoption -Filtration -Secretion

Ephithelial tissues

Classification of Epithelium base on its number of cell layers

Simple, Stratified

-----------Classification of Epithelium----------- -Composed of one layer only

Simple

----------Classification of Epithelium------------ composed of more than one layer

Stratified

Classification of Epithelium base on the shape of cell

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

----------Classification of Epithelium------------ -flattened

Squamous

----------Classification of Epithelium------------ -Cube-shaped

Cuboidal

----------Classification of Epithelium------------ -Column-like

Columnar

-single layer of flat cells -usually forms membrane •Lines body cavities •Lines lungs and capillaries

Simple squamous

-Single layer of cube-like cells -Common in glands and their ducts -Forns walls of kidney tubules -Covers the ovaries

Simple cuboidal

-Single layer of tall cells -often includes goblet cells which produce mucus -Lines digestive tract

Simple columnar

What cell produces mucus

Goblet cells

-Single layer but some cells are shorter than others -Often look like a double cell layer -Sometimes ciliated such as in the respiratory tract -May function in absorption or secretion

Pseudostratified

•Found everywhere in the body •Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissue •Functions -Binds body tissues together -Supports the body -Provides protection

Connective tissue

Non-living material that surrounds living cell

Extracellular matrix

Osseous tissue

Bone

This type of connective tissue is composed of •Bone cells in lacunae •Hard matrix of calcium salts •Large number of collagen fibers -Used to protect and support the body

Bone

Most common cartilage and composed of: -Abundant collagen fibers -Rubbery matrix

Hyaline cartilage

Entire fetal skeleton made up of what cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

Types of Connective tissue

Bone, Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Areolar connective tissue, Adipose tissue, Blood

This type of connective tissue provides elasticity. Example: supports the external ear

Elastic cartilage

This type of connective tissue is highly compressible Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Fibrocartilage

•It is the most widely distributed connective tissue •Soft, pliable tissue •Contains all fiber types •Can soak up excess fluid

Areolar connective tissue

•Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat glubules predominate. •Many cells contain parge lipid deposits •Functions -Insulates the body -Protects some organd -Serves as a site of fuel storage

Adipose tissue

•Blood cells surrounder by fluid matrix •Fibers are visible during clotting •Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

Blood

The function this type of tissue is to produce movement

Muscle tissue

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle

TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSUE •Can be controlled voluntarily •Cells attach to connective tissue •Cells are striated •Cells have more than one nucleus

Skeletal muscle

This type of muscle tissue can: •Only be found in the heart •Function is to pump blood(involuntary) •Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks •Cells are striated •One nucleus per cell

Cardiac muscle

This type of Muscle tissue: •Surrounds hollow organs •Involuntary muscle •Attached to other smooth muscle cells •No visible striations •One nucleus per cell

Smooth muscle

This type of tissue is composed of neurons and nerve support cells. Its function is to send impulses to other areas of the body

Nervous tissue

Tissues that regenerate poorly

Skeletal muscle

Tissues that regenerate easily

Epithelial tissue, Fibrous connective tissue, Bone

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

Cardiac muscle, Nervous tissue within brain and spinal cord

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