Platelets

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

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It is the process wherein platelets are directly produced from the megakaryocyte cytoplasm

Thrombopoiesis

Platelets are directly produced from the _____________________.

Megakaryocyte cytoplasm

As the megakaryocyte matures, clusters of granules aggregates to form __________.

Platelets

Development of thromobopoiesis occurs via ____________.

ENDOMITOSIS

It refers to nuclear division without cytoplasmic division

Endomitosis

In the process of endomitosis, a single megakaryoblast nucleus may contain ____________ the normal number of chromosomes

2 to 64 time

In the process of endomitosis, _______________ is densely staining, dispersed early and more compact at later stages

Nuclear chromatin

What are small at all developmental stage of Endomitosis?

Nucleoli

How many platelets are produces by Megakaryocyte during Endomitosis?

2000 to 4000 platelets

Where are the most megakaryocytes at any stage of maturation and their precursors (megakaryoblasts) normally found?

Bone marrow

How many megakaryocytes are contain in Normal bone marrow?

Approximately 15 million megakaryocyte

In the bone marrow, there are ____ megakaryocytes per 10x power field

5-10

What regulates Megakaryocyte proliferation?

Thrombopoietin

What growth factors support megakaryocytic development in the presence of thrombopoietin?

Kit-ligand IL-3 IL-11

How long is the maturation sequence of Megakaryoblast?

5 days

It is inversely proportional to platelet count, however levels are increased in liver disease and inflammation.

Serum thrombopoietin levels

Major platelet production takes place in the _________________ , where the megakaryocytes make up less than ___ of the nucleated cells of the marrow.

Bone marrow 1%

Increased production of platelets may be accomplished by means of 3 possible mechanisms:

1. the no. of megakaryocytes in the BM may increase 2. the size of the megakaryocytes may increase 3. there may be a decrease in the maturation time of the megakaryocyte

As a general rule, the more ___________ the megakaryocyte possess, the larger the cytoplasmic mass & therefore the more platelets produced. Conversely megakaryocytes w/ lower ploidy values produce larger platelets that are denser & more functionally active.

nuclear lobes

What occurs in the Bone marrow?

Thrombocytosis

It is secreted by the liver which stimulate growth and maturation of hemocytoblast

Thrombopoietin

State the developmental stages of Thrombopoiesis

Hemocytoblast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets

Repeated mitosis (up to 7 times) without nuclear or cytoplasmic division produces a very large polypoloid cell known as what?

Megakaryocyte

What is the size of a Platelet?

1-4 um/2-4 um

Other term for Platelet

Thrombocyte

Describe the cytoplasm of Platelet/Thrombocyte?

Light blue-purple and very granular

They are granular and located centrally in the platelets

Chromomere

They surrounds the chromomere, nongranular and clear to light blue

Hyalomere

Describe the Hyalomere

Non granular and clear to light blue

How long is the normal circulation life of a platelet?

8-10 days

Circulating platelets are distributed between what?

Spleen and Blood

1/3 of the circulating platelets are always in the ____________.

Spleen

2/3 of the circulating platelets are always in the _____________.

Peripheral blood

____________ are removed by macrophage in the liver and spleen or by active use in daily coagulation mechanisms

Platelets

What is the platelet value in splenectomy?

Platelet count is higher

What is the platelet value in splenomegaly?

Platelet count is lower

It is the earliest recognizable in the stages of platelet maturation

Megakaryoblast

It is the largest cell in the bone marrow

Mature megakaryocyte

State the stages of Platelet maturation

Megakaryoblast (Stage I) Promegakaryocyte (Stage II) Granular Megakaryocyte (Stage III) Mature Megakaryocyte (Stage IV)

Size of Megakaryoblast

20-50 um

Size of Promegakaryocyte

20-60 um

Size of Granular Megakaryocyte

30-90 um

Size of Mature Megakaryocyte

40-120 um

Round oval, or may be kidney shaped nucleus, with fine chromatin and multiple nucleoli.

Megakaryoblast

Irregular in shape maybe horseshoe shaped nucleus, with coarse chromatin and multiple nucleoli

Promegakaryocyte

Smaller size nucleus, with chromatin coarser than stage II and no nucleoli visible but multiple nuclei.

Granular Megakaryocyte

Multilobulated nucleus, with coarser and linear chromatin and no nucleoli visible but multiple nuclei present

Mature Megakaryocyte

With Deeply basophilic (blue) Cytoplasm Usually darker than myeloblast and small- moderate amount

Megakaryoblast

Less basophilic cytoplasm and more abundant amount

Promegakaryocyte

Pinkish cytoplasm and abundant amount

Granular Megakaryocyte

Totally pink cytoplasm and abundant amount

Mature Megakaryocyte

10:1 (high) N/C and with Nongranular or rare granules

Megakayoblast

4:1-7:1 (high) N/C and granules begin to form in the golgi region

Promegakaryocyte

2:1-1:1 (low) N/C and with Very fine and diffusely granular granules

Granular Megakaryocyte

Less than 1:1 (low) N/C and coarse clumps of granules aggregating into little bundles, which bud off from the periphery to become platelets

Mature Megakaryocyte

What composes the Ultrastructure of Platelets?

Peripheral zone Sol-Gel zone Organelle zone

What is the receptor for Willebrand's factor?

Glycoprotein Ib

What is the receptor for fibrinogen?

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

What is the receptor for thrombin?

Glycoprotein Va

It is the outer surface of the Peripheral zone of Platelet

Glycocalyx

It consists of 30 or more glycoproteins, phospholipids, platelet VIII and vWF.

Plasma membrane

What is present in the Peripheral zone of Platelet?

Glycocalyx Membrane

What is present in the Structural zone of Platelet?

Microtubules Submembranous cytoskeleton Actin (G and F forms) Myosin

What is present in the Organelle zone of Platelet?

Mitochondria Dense bodies Lysosome Alpha granules Glycogen

What are the Membrane systems of Platelet?

Open canalicular system Dense tubular system

Sol-Gel Zone lies directly beneath what?

The platelet membrane

Sol-Gel Zone is composed of what?

Microfilaments and Microtubules

Sol-Gel Zone provide ____________ to maintain platelet shape and a contractile system

Cytoskeleton

They contain the proteins actin & myosin w/c, upon stimulation of the platelet, will interact to actomyosin (thrombosthenin), a contractile protein important in clot retraction.

Microfilaments

What proteins are contained in Microfilaments?

Actin Myosin

In microfilaments, Actin and myosin will interact to?

Actomyocin

Actomyocin is also known as what?

Thrombosthenin

It is a contractile protein important in clot retraction.

Actomyocin

What is the protein present in Microtubules?

Tubulin

They are composed of the protein tubulin, w/c maintains the platelet’s disc shape.

Microtubules

It is the most numerous in the Organelle zone of platelets

Alpha granules

What substance are found in the Alpha granules?

Platelet factor 4 ß- thromboglobulin Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) Thrombospodin Von Willebrand factor Fibrinogen Fibrinectin Platelet albumin

What are contained in the Dense granules in the organelle zone of platelets?

Ca ADP Serotonin

It serves as the site of Arachidonic acid metabolism

Dense tubular system

It also functions as a Calcium-sequestering pump that maintains platelet cytoplasmic Ca levels

Dense tubular system

What is synthesized in Dense tubular system?

Prostaglandin

It is the membranous system of platelet which is responsible for the release of granules

Open canalicular system

This member of the Organelle zone is for energy production

Mitochondria

It provides direct communication between intracellular and extracellular compartments

Open canalicular system

Where does Dense tubular system originates from?

MK ER

Dense tubular system is composed of channels located near ____.

OCG

Dense tubular system is the site of what?

Ca2+ storage

What are the different Platelet functions?

Hemostasis and Thrombosis Inflammation Tumor biology Host defense Maintenance/regulation of Vascular tone

What are the substance secreted by the Platelets?

HMWK Fibrinogen Factor V Factor VIII :vWF ADP Calcium Platelet factor 4 Thrombospondin Serotonin Thromboxane A2 precursor Platelet-derived growth factor Betathromboglobulin Plasminogen A2-antiplasmin C1 esterase inhibitor

What are the substances that promote coagulation?

HMWK Fibrinogen Factor V Factor VIII :Vwf

What are the substances that promote aggregation?

ADP Calcium Platelet factor 4 Thrombospondin

What are the substances that promote vasoconstriction?

Serotonin Thromboxane A2 precursor

What are the substances that promote vascular repair?

Platelet-derived growth factor Betathromboglobulin

What are the substances that affects other systems?

Plasminogen A2-antiplasmin C1 esterase inhibitor

What is the source of Thromboxane A2 precursors?

Membrane phospholipids

What are the substance which source is the Dense bodies?

ADP Calcium Serotonin

This substance is a complement system inhibitor

C1 esterase inhibitor

This substance is precursor to plasmin which induces clot lysis

Plasminogen

This substance is a plasmin inhibitor which inhibits clot lysis

a2-antiplasmin

100

This substance promotes smooth muscle growth for vessel repair

Platelet-derived growth factor

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