Small, Pleomorphic Gram-negative bacilli Part 1

100問 • 2年前

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Haemophilus originates from the Greek word 'haima' and 'philus' which means what?

Blood lover

They are obligate parasites on the mucous membranes of humans. And they die rapidly in clinical specimen and very susceptible to drying and extreme temperatures.

Haemophilus

Fastidious, non-motile, capnophilic, and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. And most species cannot grow on pure BAP

Haemophilus

All species of Haemophilus normally inhabit the URT of humans except for what?

Haemophilus ducreyi

Describe the appearance of Haemophilus under the microscope

Gram-negative, small, pleomorphic coccobacilli or rods

What are the biochemical test and result for Haemophilus?

(+) catalase (+) oxidase except Haemophilus segnis

All Haemophilus are oxidase positive except for what specie?

Haemophilus segnis

What are the growth factors of Haemophilus?

X factor (hemin) V factor (NAD)

Also known as the X factor

Hemin

Also known as the V factor

NAD

What are the human pathogens of the genus Haemophilus?

Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemophilus paraphrophilus Haemophilus parahaemolyticus Haemophilus pittmaniae Haemophilus aegypticus Haemophilus segnis

It is the only member of the genus Haemophilus that produces IgA protease.

Haemophilus influenzae

What is the mode of transmission of Haemophilus influenzae?

Person-to-person (droplets)

It is the main cause of meningitis in children

Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae is very ___________ and can be rapidly killed by phagocytes.

Fastidious

It spreads from nasopharynx and the regional lymph nodes to the blood and finally to the Meninges.

Haemophilus influenzae

What is the principal Virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae?

Polysaccharide capsule

What are the other Virulence factors of Haemophilus influenzae aside the polysaccharide capsule?

IgA protease Fimbriae Lipopolysaccharide

What is the biochemical test for Haemophilus influenzae?

Porphyrin (-)

What are the two categories of Haemophilus influenzae?

Typeable form Non-Typeable form

What are the encapsulated strains of the Typeable form of Haemophilus influezae?

A, B, C, D, E and F

This category of Haemophilus influenzae is based on the capsular characteristics of H. influenzae

Typeable form Haemophilus influenzae

It is the cause of serious infections in humans and leading cause of meningitis in unvaccinated children.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

What are the other related infections of Non-typeable form of Haemophilus influenzae?

Conjunctivitis Sinusitis (localized infections)

This category of Haemophilus influenzae does not produce capsules and part of the indigenous microbiota of the URT and adheres to human epithelial cells

Non-typeable form Haemophilus influenzae

It is the second prevalent etiologic agent for otitis media with effusion (middle ear infection) after Streptococcus pneumoniae

Non-typeable form Haemophilus influenzae

It is commonly found as indigenous microbiota of the URT of adult

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

True/False: Haemophilus ducreyi is part of the indigenous human microbiota.

False

It is the agent of chancroid which is highly communicable, sexually transmitted, genital ulcer disease.

Haemophilus ducreyi

What are the hallmarks of chanroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?

Buboes or suppurative, enlarged, draining, inguinal lymph nodes.

Describe the appearance of Haemophilus ducreyi in CAP

Colonies are transparent, small, non-mucoid, and tan or yellow.

This Haemophilus specie has mouse/bleach-like odor; non-haemolytic

Haemophilus influenzae

What is the other term for Haemophilus influenzae?

Pfeiffer's bacillus

This Haemophilus specie is genetically related to Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus aegypticus

What is the other term for Haemophilus aegypticus?

Koch-Weeks bacillus

This Haemophilus specie is Non-typeable

Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegypticus

This Haemophilus specie is B-haemolytic

Haemophilus haemolyticus

The distinguishing characteristic of this Haemophilus specie is School of fish

Haemophilus ducreyi

This Haemophilus specie has tan and dry colonies; B- haemolytic

Haemophilus parahaemolyticus

This Haemophilus specie has Fructose and maltose fermentation

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

What Haemophilus species contain/s x and v growth factors?

Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus aegypticus Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegypticus Haemophilus haemolyticus

What Haemophilus species contain/s x growth factor only?

Haemophilus ducreyi

What Haemophilus species contain/s v growth factor only?

Haemophilus parahaemolyticus Haemophilus parainfluenzae

What are the associated infection/disease with Haemophilus influenzae?

Meningitis Epiglottitis Arthritis

What are the associated infection/disease with Haemophilus aegypticus?

Pink eye conjunctivitis

What are the associated infection/disease with Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyticus?

Brazilian purpuric fever

What are the associated infection/disease with Haemophilus ducreyi?

Chancroid or soft chancre

What are the associated infection/disease with Haemophilus parainfluenzae?

Endocarditis

What are the specimens used in the laboratory diagnosis of Haemophilus?

CSF, sputum, genital lesion or ulcer, joint fluid, vaginal swab, abscess drainage, conjunctival swab, bronchial washing & blood

What should be done for recovery of Haemophilus ducreyi?

For recovery of H. ducreyi, the ulcer should be cleansed with a sterile gauze that is pre-moistened w/ sterile phosphate-buffered saline and plating is preferred instead of a transport medium for the isolation of H. ducreyi.

What is preffered instead of a transport medium for the recovery of Haemophilus ducreyi?

Plating

True/False: Haemophilus need an immediate transport and processing for their isolation.

True

What are the tests used in the laboratory diagnosis of Haemophilus?

Gram stain Culture Porphyrin test Serological test

It is used for rapid direct identification of the capsular antigens of H. influenzae.

Neufeld- Quellung reaction

Serotype can be determined through the identification of the distinct capsular antigen.

Serologic test

It detects the presence of enzymes that converts ALA into porphyrins.

Porphyrin test

Test for identifying the heme-producing species of Haemophilus

Porphyrin test

It appears to have in "school-of-fish" gram stain

Haemophilus ducreyi

Haemophilus species resemble an______________________ because of their pleomorphic appearances.

"amorphous serous material"

What are the media used for the culture of Haemophilus species?

CAP BAP BHI Thioglycollate

It is the preferred medium for Haemophilus because it contains the X and V factors.

CAP

Haemophilus species grow best at ______ degree cent., except H. ducreyi which grows at ___ degree cent. & in an environment with ___________.

35-37 35 5% to 10% CO2

It grow as “satellites” on BAP around bacterial colonies and produce NAD like S. aureus

V factor-dependent H. influenzae

When Haemophilus are grown anaerobically, only ____ & not hemin, is required.

NAD

H. aegypticus requires _____ days of incubation while H. ducreyi requires _____ days.

Four Seven

No growth of Haemophilus occurs on what medium?

MacConkey agar

What is the selective media for Haemophilus influenzae?

Horse’s blood-bacitracin agar for respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis.

What is the selective media for Haemophilus aegypticus?

CAP with 1% IsoVitaleX or Vitox

What is the selective media for Haemophilus ducreyi?

Selective Nairobi biplate medium (combination of gonococcal agar and MHA with horse’s blood and vancomycin)

It is formerly known as Haemophilus aphrophilus

Aggregalibacter aphrophilus

What are included in the HACEK(AACEK) group?

Aggregalibacter aphrophilus Aggregalibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cardiobacterium hominis Eikenella corrodens E. Kingella species

They are part of the indigenous microbiota & are considered as opportunistic pathogens. They are small, non-motile, cannot grown on MAC.

HACEK(AACEK) Group

HACEK are fastidious and grow slowly on BAP & CAP & require _________ of incubation

7-14 days

True/False: HACEK group does not causes slow & progressive bacterial endocarditis

False

It is known as the Foam-loving bacterium

Aggregalibacter aphrophilus

It is the only catalase-positive HACEK specie

Aggregalibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Also known as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Aggregalibacter actinomycetemcomitans

It infects the aortic valve more freq. than the other HACEK species

Cardiobacterium hominis

It shows "false Gram-positive" and the only indole-positive member of the HACEK group

Cardiobacterium hominis

It is also known as the corroding bacilli

Eikenella corrodens

They are assacharolytic like the species of the genus Moraxella and the least common isolate of the HACEK group

Eikenella corrodens

What is the other term for Brucella?

Bang's bacillus

Species of this genus are important human and animal pathogens. Obligate aerobes and intracellular parasites.

Brucella

They are non-motile, assacharolytic, and non-encapsulated. Some species require an increased supply of CO2 for growth.

Brucella

Brucella are localized in tissues that are rich in__________________ & induces spontaneous abortion among animals.

Erythritol (placental tissue)

What are the preferred specimen for the isolation of Brucella?

Blood and bone marrow

Describe the appearance of brucella under the microscope

Small coccobacilli that are arranged singly, in pairs which have a “sandy appearance”

Sheka was observing a BAP and she sees colonies that are small, convex, translucent, yellowish and non-haemolytic. What bacteria do you think is present in the medium?

Brucella

What are the species of the genus Brucella?

Brucella abortus Brucella canis Brucella suis Brucella melitensis

What are the most virulent among the species of Brucella?

Brucella melitensis Brucella suis

It is characterized by normal temperatures in the morning and then followed by high temperatures in the afternoon and evening.

Undulant fever

What are the Primary routes of Human infections caused by Brucella?

A. Ingestion of unpasteurized and contaminated milk or cheese from infected animals. B. Inhalation of air around animal carcasses (aerosol infection) C. Penetration of ocular or oral mucosa. D. Direct inoculation into the bloodstream through abrasions in the skin of needlestick injuries.

What are specimens that can be used in the Laboratory diagnosis of Brucella?

Blood Bone marrow Skin lesions Placental tissues

What are the test/s used in the Laboratory diagnosis of Brucella?

Gram stain Culture Serological test

What Serological test is used in Brucella?

Serum agglutination test

In the Gram stain of Brucella, ___________ should be substituted for safranin O to improve the Gram Stain

Carbol fuchsin

What media are used in the Culture of Brucella?

BAP TSA Castaneda's medium

True/False: Turbidity of the specimen is an abnormal occurrence in the culture of Brucella

False

In the Culture of Brucella, isolates can be recovered after ______ but may require prolonged incubation up to ______.

7 days 30 days

100

Obligately aerobic, fastidious, gram-negative coccobacilli and they replicate on ciliated respiratory epithelial cells of humans

Bordetella

Translation(Pre-finals)

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

Translation(Pre-finals)