This are considered as the functional units of the kidney

How many Nephrons are present in each kidneys?

How long would the the Nephrons in the kidneys if they were straighten out?

Nephrons are composed of:

How many filtered plasma is/are converted to urine daily?

The average daily urine output

Pathways in Urine formation

Metabolic waste product produced by the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids.

Major organic constituent of Urine

Volume of Urea in the Urine

Volume of Chloride in Urine

Major inorganic constituent of Urine

Volume of Sodium in urine

Volume of Potassium in urine

Product of creatinine metabolism by muscles

Volume of Creatinine in urine

Combines with sodium to buffer the blood

Volume of Phosphate in urine

Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells

Volume of Uric acid in urine

Regulates blood and tissue fluid activity

Volume of Ammonium in urine

Combines with chloride, sulfate and phosphate

Volume of Calcium in urine

Formed element which may be found in urine:

True/False: The more fluid intake, the greater the urine volume

Normal volume of urine

Approximately how many percent of the blood leaves the left ventricle of the heart enters the kidneys by the way of renal arteries.

Volume of the blood which passes through the kidneys

Volume of filtered plasma on the glomerulus

Effects of the Endocrine system

It is secreted by adrenal cortex and cause an increase in the reabsorption of Na

It is secreted by posterior pituitary gland and helps in regulating the reabsorption of water in the distal tubules

Deficiency of Vasopressin results in?

It is secreted by the kidneys and it stimulates the production of erythrocytes

Increased urine volume at night

Involuntary voiding of urine at night.

It is the complete suppression of urine formation and may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidney.

It indicates lipid droplets contained in the cell

Abnormal increase of Urine volume(greater than 2500 ml/24hrs)

Decrease of volume of urine(less than 500 ml/24hrs)

It is often associated w/ diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus; or the use of diuretics, caffeine, or alcohol w/c suppress the excretion of ADH

It is usually seen in the state of dehydration and is often associated with acute nephritis and shock

Most commonly received specimen because of its easy collection and convenience for the patient.

Collection is timed or scheduled for a particular due to the needs of the situation, tests and substance being determined.

Empty the bladder at 8 am before eating breakfast. The first sample at 8 am is discarded and all sample are voided until 8 pm.

Specimen collected between 2pm and 6pm because the substance you are after can be evaluated more accurately at these hours. (ex., urobilinogen is best evaluated from specimens obtained between 2 and 4pm)

The patient should be instructed to collect the specimen immediately on arising and to deliver it to the laboratory within 2 hours

Specimen used for pregnancy test and routine screening?

Used for Diabetic monitoring/screening, Specimen will not contain any metabolites from food ingested before the beginning of the fasting period.

Soft, clear plastic bags with hypoallergenic skin adhesive to attach to the genital area of the both boys and girls are available for collecting routine specimens