Hemoglobin

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

HEME in Hemeglobin means

Produce in mitochondria

Globin in Hemoglobin means

By ribosome

It is found in the red blood cells of the body.

Hemoglobin

Each RBCs contains approximately how many hemoglobin molecules?

280 million hemoglobin molecules

What is the main function of Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)?

The transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.

What is the protein that the RBCs contains that actually carries the oxygen?

Hemoglobin

True/False: In capillaries, oxygen is released to be used by the body's cells.

True

Discuss the composition of a hemoglobin molecule.

It is composed of a protein known as GLOBIN, and four HEME groups, each associated with an iron atom.

1 hemoglobin molecule is equivalent to how many moles of oxygen?

4 moles of oxygen

1 heme is equivalent to how many moles of oxygen?

1 mole of oxygen

True/False: In the lungs, each iron atom is NOT combined reversibly with a molecule of oxygen.

False

What is the gene involved for Alpha and Zeta chains?

Chromosome 16

What is the gene involved for Beta, Delta, Epsilon and Gamma chains?

Chromosome 11

This portion begins in the mitochondria with the formation of D-ALA from glycine and succinyl coenzyme A

HEME portion

This portion is produced on specific ribosome in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells.

Globin portion

The globin in each hemoglobin molecule consists of _________________ which determine the type of hemoglobin formed.

Four polypeptide chains

What are those under Normal Hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin A, Hemoglobin A2, Hemoglobin F

This is the designation for the normal hemoglobin that exists after birth.

Hemoglobin A

This is a minor component of the hemoglobin found in red cells after birth.

Hemoglobin A2

It the predominant hemoglobin during fetal development.

Hemoglobin F

This molecule is a tetramer of two alpha chains and two gamma chains (a2g2).

Hemoglobin F

This molecule is a tetramer of two alpha chains and two delta chains (a2d2).

Hemoglobin A2

This molecule is a tetramer of two alpha chains and two beta chains (a2b2).

Hemoglobin A

This is the predominant hemoglobin in people with sickle cell disease. The alpha chain is normal.

Hemoglobin S

In hemoglobin S, what replaces glutamic acid at the 6th position?

Valine

In the case of Hemoglobin S, where does the disease producing mutation exists?

Beta chain

This disease is relatively benign, producing a mild hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly.

Hemoglobin C

It results from a mutation in the beta globin gene and is the predominant hemoglobin found in people with A2bC2 disease.

Hemoglobin C

In hemoglobin C, what replaces glutamic acid at the 6th position?

Lysine

In hemoglobin E, what replaces glutamic acid at the 26th position?

Lysine

This variant results from a mutation in the hemoglobin beta chain. Its trait is benign and is extremely common in S.E. Asia and in some areas equals hemoglobin A in frequency.

Hemoglobin E

What are the clinically significant variant with a qualitative defect in the hemoglobin, specifically the substitution of amino acids in the Beta chain?

Hemoglobin S, Hemoglobin C, Hemoglobin E

It is a variant in which a mutation in the alpha globin gene produces an alpha globin chain that is abnormally long.

Hemoglobin constant spring

The quantity of hemoglobin in the cells is low for two reasons:

1) the messenger RNA for hemoglobin Constant Spring is unstable. (Some is degraded prior to protein synthesis)., 2) the Constant Spring alpha chain protein is itself unstable.

What results from Hemoglobin Constant Spring?

Thalassemic phenotype

It is a tetramer composed of four beta globin chains.

Hemoglobin H

It forms in people with three-gene alpha thalassemia as well as in people with the combination of two-gene deletion alpha thalassemia and hemoglobin Constant Spring.

Hemoglobin H

It develops in fetuses with four-gene deletion alpha thalassemia.

Hemoglobin Barts

In the case of Hemoglobin Barts, The ____________ turns off at about 12 weeks, and normally the alpha gene takes over. With four-gene deletion alpha thalassemia no alpha chain is produced

Epsilon gene

Hemoglobin is made of two subunits derived from genes in the alpha gene cluster on _______________and two subunits derived from genes in the beta gene cluster on _______________.

Chromosome 16, chromosome 11

Patients with this disease inherit a gene for hemoglobin S from one parent, and a gene for hemoglobin C from the other.

Hemoglobin SC disease

In this condition, the patient has inherited a gene for hemoglobin S from one parent and a gene for beta- thalassemia from the other.

Sickle/beta-thalassemia

People with this has large quantity of normal hemoglobin produced by the beta-thalassemia gene.

Sickle/beta-thalassemia

These genes produce normal hemoglobin, but in variably reduced amount.

Thalassemia genes

The combination of hemoglobin E and beta-thalassemia produces a condition more severe than is seen with either hemoglobin E trait or beta-thalassemia trait.

Hemoglobin E/beta-thalassemia

People with this condition has moderately severe thalassemia (thalassemia intermedia) most common in people of S.E. Asian background.

Hemoglobin E/beta-thalassemia

The alpha globin gene cluster on one of the two chromosomes 16 has both alpha globin genes deleted. On the other chromosome 16, the alpha gene has the Constant Spring mutation. And produces a severe shortage of alpha globin chains.

Alpha thalassemia/Hemoglobin Constant Spring

It refers to moderately severe thalassemia.

Thalessemia intermedia

Give the different compound conditions.

Hemoglobin SC disease, Sickle/beta-thalassemia, Hemoglobin E/beta-thalassemia, Alpha thalassemia/Hemoglobin constant spring

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