It is the causative agent of lobar pneumonia

• Also known as diplococcus or pneumococcus Causative agent of lobar pneumonia • Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults • Cell wall contains antigen called "C substance" • Principal virulence factor is a capsule • Culture: colonies spear flat with depressed centers, mucoid and are alpha-hemolytic

It is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults

What is the principal virulence factor of Streptococcus pnemoniae?

It is an antigen that is contained in the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae is also known as what?

How does Streptococcus pneumoniae looks like in culture media?

What are the infections and diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumonia?

Presence of voluminous fluid hastens the spread of the bacteria to the lungs.

What are the predisposing factors of Lobar Pneumonia?

Complication of pneumonia and otitis media and commonly affects infants and elderly.

S.pneumonia is the most common isolate in children under 3 years old with recurrent _______________.

What are the diff Laboratory diagnosis method for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

What does Streptococcus pneumoniae looks like in culture media?

What are the culture media used in Streptococcus pneumoniae?

What does Streptococcus pneumoniae look like under gram stain?

What is the susceptibility test used in Streptococcus pneumoniae?

This test evaluates the ability of S. pneumoniae to lyse in the presence of bile salts

This test is used to detect the presence of antibody against pneumococci

What are the differential test used in Streptococcus pneumoniae?

This test differentiates pneumococci from viridans streptococci

In this test, the positive result is swelling of capsule.

In this test, the positive result is the death of the animal.

What is the most common isolate of the family Enterococci?

What are common infections caused by Enterococci?

• Belong to the family Streptococcaceae • Indigenous microbiota of human and animal intestinal tract • Not highly pathogenic but are frequent causes of nosocomial infection • Species: E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. avium, E. gallinarum, E. durans • Most common isolate is E. faecalis • Infections: UTI, endocarditis, bacteremia and wound infection • Laboratory test: Bile esculin and PYR = POSITIVE; Positive growth in 6.5% NaC

What are the species of the family Enterococci?

It is an indigenous microbiota of human and animal intestinal tract which are not highly pathogenic but are frequent causes of nosocomial infection.

•Grow in the presence of 40% bile •6.5% sodium chloride • pH 9.6 •Growth at 45degC

What does Enterococci look in Mac Conkey agar?

What is the treatment for Enterococci?

•Heat resistant - survives 60degC for 30 minutes •Pairs of oval cocci, arranged at an angle to each other •Non hemolytic

What are used for the identification of Enterococci?

•Present in intestine, genital tract and saliva • It can cause urinary tract infection and wound infection. •Intrinsically resistant to cephalosporins

What are the specimens used for the laboratory diagnosis of Enterococci?

What are the Laboratory Diagnosis methods used for Enterococci?

What culture media is used in Laboratory diagnosis for Enterococci?

What are diff types of Biochemical test for Enterococci?

What is the positive result of Bile esculin test for the Laboratory test of Enterococci?

What is the positive result of 6.5% NaCl test for the Laboratory test of Enterococci?

What is the positive result of PYR test for the Laboratory test of Enterococci?

What are used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test of Enterococci?

True/False: Enterococci are NOT resistant to Penicillin

True/False: Enterococci are resistant to Efromycin acid disk (100 ug).

• Formerly known as nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) • Part of human oral and GI microbiota • Culture: colonies appear as "satellites" around organism

How does Abiotrophia and Granulicatolla look like in culture media?

What are the different Stretococcus-like organisms?

This streptococcus-like organism is a common airborne bacterium which resembles viridans streptococci.

This streptococcus-like organism has similar colonial morphology to viridans streptococci.

This streptococcus-like organism is formerly under the group N. streptococci. And is similar to enterococci but does not produce acid from carbohydrates.

This streptococcus-like organism is frequently found in plant surfaces, vegetables and in milk products.

This streptococcus-like organism has resistance to vancomycin that is similar to Leuconostoc.

•Streptococci normally resident in the mouth and upper respiratory tract •Alpha lysis on blood agar •Cannot be categorised under lancefield antigenic groups •Causes dental caries • Tooth extraction seeding into blood stream endocarditis - hence give prophylactic antibiotics

What are the different types of Viridans group?

•Grow poorly on blood agar •Minute streptococci •Streptococcus MG - alphalytic strain - isolated from Primary atypical pneumonia

It is also known as minute streptococci

•Upper respiratory infections •Endocarditis, osteomyelitis, brain abscess •Penicillin tolerance •Treat with penicillin and gentamicin •Source of streptokinase used for thrombolytic therapy in patients

It is the the source of Streptokinase for thrombolytic therapy in patients.

Streptococci equisimilis is treat with what?

•Christie, Atkins and Munch-Peterson •When Strep. agalactiae is inoculated perpendicular to a streak of Staph. aureus grown on blood agar ----> an accentuated zone of hemolysis occurs

What will happen if Strep. agalactiae is inoculated perpendicular to a streak of Staph. aureus grown on blood agar?

Who invented CAMP test?

•Neonatal infection •Most common cause of neonatal meningitis •Source - from the maternal vagina during birth •GBS puerperal sepsis, pneumonia •Diagnostic markers - Hippurate hydrolysis, CAMP test

What are the diagnostic markers of Streptococcus agalactiae?

What is the source of Streptococcus agalactiae?

It causes Neonatal infection and is the most common cause of neonatal menigitis

•Site of infection - Throat or skin •Prior sensitisation - not necessary •Serotype 49,53-55,59-61 and 1,12 •Moderate immune response •Complement level - lowered •Genetic susceptibility - Absent •Repeated attacks - Absent •Penicillin prophylaxis is not indicated

•Site of infection - Throat •Prior sensitization is essential •Serotype - Any •Marked immune response •Unaffected complement level •Genetic susceptibility - present •Repeated attacks - common •Penicillin prophylaxis is essential

NOTICE THE DIFFERENCE!!

True/False: Prior sensitization is NOT necessary in Acute glomerulonephritis

True/False: Prior sensitization is NOT essential in Acute rheumatic fever.

What is/are the Serotype of Acute glomerulonephritis?

What are the virulence factors of the Viridans group?

What are the types under the viridans group?

Streptococcus mutans group includes:

Streptococcus mitis group includes:

Streptococcus salivarius group includes:

Streptococcus anginosus group includes:

Streptococcus bovis group includes:

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of _________________.

What are the virulence factor of Strep. pneumoniae?