Cellular Adaptation

64問 • 2年前

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It is the process of the cell responding to the metabolic demands of the body, energy supply, and various physiological and pathological stimuli by adaptation.

Cellular adaptation

This is the reversible adjustment to environmental conditions that includes changes in cell function.

Cellular Adaptation

•Increase in cell SIZE (organ). •Occurs in skeletal, heart, smooth muscle and other organs.

Hypertrophy

Causes of Hypertrophy

Increase of functional demand, Hormonal stimulation

Give an example of Hypertrophy

Uterus during pregnancy

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia can either be

Physiologic, Pathologic

Give an example of a pathologic Hypertrophy

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

•Increase of NUMBER of cells in an organ which leads to an increase in its size. •Occurs in organs with facultatively mitotic Cells that divide & multiply in response to stimuli.

Hyperplasia

Types of Hyperplasia

Hormonal hyperplasia, Compensatory hyperplasia

An example of this type of Hyperplasia is the female breast at puberty and pregnancy

Hormonal hyperplasia

An example of this type of Hyperplasia is liver generation after partial resection

Compensatory huperplasia

True/False: Hyperplasia is a neoplastic process but it may be fertile soil for malignancy

False

Give one cause of Pathologic Hyperplasia

Excess hormone

This is a type of Hypoplasia in the endometrium which carries an increased risk for development of endometrial adenocarcinoma

Atypical hyperplasia

•Decrease in the size of cell & organ (size & number). •Associated with accumulation of lipofuscin

Atrophy

Atrophy is associated with the accumulation of _______________.

Lipofuscin

Give an example of Physiologic Atrophy

Uterus after birth

TRUE or FALSE CAUSES OF PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY 1) Decreased workload 2) Loss of innervation 3) Decreased blood supply 4) Inadequate nutrition 5) Loss of endocrine stimulation 6) Pressure

TRUE

Give an example of Pathologic Atrophy

Atropic brain

It is an important factor in Atrophy

Protein degradation

Atrophy results from both

Decrease of protein synthesis, Increase of protein degradation

•Incomplete development of an organ •Organ fails to reach the adult size

Hypoplasia

Give examples of Hypoplasia

Hypoplastic kidneys, Hypoplastic left ventricle

Metaplasia is caused by:

Chronic irritation, Vitamin A deficiency

•ADULT cell type is replaced by another ADULT cell type. •Cells typical of one differentiated tissue change into cells of another differentiated tissue Squamous cells replace columnar cells

Metaplasia

Give one thing that would cause Chronic irritation which could possibly lead to METAPLASIA.

Cigarette smoke

True/False: Hyperplasia and Metaplasia are not premalignant changes; however, they are "fertile fields".

True

•ATYPICAL PROLIFERATIVE changes due to chronic irritation or inflammation • Premalignant change

Dysplasia

CELL INJURY PRINCIPLES CITED BY: MCPHERSON, RICHARD A.2016 1) The cellular response to injurious stimuli dependson the type of injury, its duration and its severity. 2) The consequences of cell injury depend on the type, state, and adaptability of the injured cell. 3) Cell injury results from different biochemical mechanisms acting on several essential cellular components. READ AND TYPE YES AFTERWARDS!!

YES

Read the following and type YES afterwards.

YES

These cells are continuously dividing (epithelium, bone marrow).

Labile cells

These type of cells are quiescent (in G0 stage; hepatocytes, smooth muscle and lymphocytes)

Stable cells

These cells are non dividing (neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle).

Permanent cells

Read and type YES afterwards!

YES

Where is Superoxide produced?

Neutrophils

This biological process produces superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl ion.

Normal metabolism

True/False: A single unpaired electron is NOT highly reactive

False

They are a type of FREE RADICAL

Reactive oxygen species

Excess of Reactive oxygen species(ROS) within the cell leads to what?

Oxidative stress

PATHOLOGIC EFFECT OF ROS •Lipid peroxidation leading to membrane damage •Protein damage •DNA damage Read and type YES afterwards!!

YES

They block the formation of ROS or inactivate them.

Antioxidants

Antioxidant Enzymes:

Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase

Antioxidant Vitamins:

Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Ascorbic acid, Glutathione

Causes of Cell Injury

Oxygen deprivation, Physical agents, Chemical agents and drugs, Infectious agents, Immunologic reactions, Genetic derangements, Nutritional imbalances

It is the deficiency of oxygen which causes cardiorespiratory failure, anemia and CO poisoning.

Hypoxia

The loss of blood supply (oxygen and nutrients); more rapidly and severely injures tissues than does hypoxia alone

Ischemia

Death of groups of cells after injury

Necrosis

Genically controlled and programmed cell death

Apoptosis

True/False: Inflamation occurs in the process of Necrosis, while there is no inflamation in Apoptosis.

True

Give me what of the PATTERNS OF NECROSIS is being described below. •inhibition of lytic enzymes •hypoxic death (except brain)

Coagulative

Give me what of the PATTERNS OF NECROSIS is being described below. •bacterial infections •Hypoxic death in brain tissue (infarction) •Dissolution of tissue due to enzymatic lysis of dead cells

Liquefactive

Give me what of the PATTERNS OF NECROSIS is being described below. •Occurs in the center of tuberculous granulomas (tuberculosis).

Caseous

Give me what of the PATTERNS OF NECROSIS is being described below. •Enzymatic or traumatic damage to fatty tissue; e.g., Pancreatitis (enzymatic).

Fat

Give me what of the PATTERNS OF NECROSIS is being described below. •It usually involves the lower extremities and often is a type of coagulative necrosis.

Gangrenous

Give me what of the PATTERNS OF NECROSIS is being described below. •Immune complexes in arteries

Fibrinoid

It is the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development due to the absence of primordial tissue.

Agenesis

What kind of Agenesis is being asked? (refer to the descriptions below) •Failure of the Corpus callosum to develop

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

What kind of Agenesis is being asked? (refer to the descriptions below) •Failure of one or both of the kidneys to develop

Renal agenesis

What kind of Agenesis is being asked? (refer to the descriptions below) •Failure of the arms or legs to develop

Phocomelia

What kind of Agenesis is being asked? (refer to the descriptions below) •Failure of the penis to develop

Penile agenesis

What kind of Agenesis is being asked? (refer to the descriptions below) •Failure of the uterus and part of the vagina to develop

Mullerian agenesis

What kind of Agenesis is being asked? (refer to the descriptions below) •Failure of the Gallbladder to develop

Agenesis of the gallbladder

What kind of Agenesis is being asked? (refer to the descriptions below) •Failure of the eyes to develop

Eye agenesis

A person may not realize they have this condition unless they undergo surgery or medical imaging, since the gallbladder is neither externally visible nor essential.

Agenesis of the gallbladder

Translation(Pre-finals)

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

Translation(Pre-finals)