Anemia

72問 • 2年前

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It is a condition in which you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your tissues.

Anemia

Itis a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells. It is not a single disease but a condition, like fever, with many possible causes and many forms .

Anemia

Decrease of oxygen in the cells are termed as what?

Hypoxia

Most symptoms of anemia are a result of what?

Decrease of oxygen in the cells or hypoxia

Give out the Symptoms of Anemia.

Fatigue, Pale skin, Fast or irregular heartbeat, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Cognitive problem, Cold hands and feet, Headache

What are the causes of Anemia

Infection, Certain diseases, Certain medications, Poor nutrition

Anemia occurs when your blood doesn't have enough red blood cells. This can happen if:

Your body destroys red blood cells, Your body doesn't make enough rbcs, Bleeding causes you to lose rbcs more quickly than they can be replaced.

What is the size of the Red Blood cells?

6 - 8 um

What is the shape of the Red Blood cells?

Disc-shaped, dougnuts without hole in the center

What does RBCs do?

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which enables red blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs to all parts of your body and to carry carbon dioxide from other parts of the body to your lungs so that it can be exhaled.

It is a red, iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color.

Hemoglobin

What does Red blood cells contain which enables red blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs to all parts of your body and to carry carbon dioxide from other parts of the body to your lungs so that it can be exhaled?

Hemoglobin

It is a red, spongy material found within the cavities of many of your large bones.

Bone marrow

Where are most blood cells including RBCS produced regularly?

Bone marrow

What does our body need to produce hemoglobin?

Iron, Vitamin B-12, Folate, Other nutrients from the foods we eat.

It measures the average size of the cell.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) test

It measures the cell's content of hemoglobin.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) test

It measures the ratio of hemoglobin to cell size.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) test

It is a red protein substance that carries oxygen within the cell.

Hemoglobin

There are various blood tests and other diagnostic tests or procedures to find out what type of anemia and how severe it is.

Laboratory Diagnosis

Measures the following: - Hgb and Hct level - RBC & WBC count - Differential Count - Platelet - Cell Indices

Complete Blood Count

If results of the CBC indicate anemia, it may be followed up with an examination of a _______________________. Results from these tests may give clues as to the cause. Several other tests may be run to help determine the cause of the anemia and to guide treatment.

Blood Smear and Differential

It is a blood test that can detect different types of hemoglobin. It uses the principles of gel electrophoresis to separate out the various types of hemoglobin and is a type of native gel electrophoresis.

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

It uses an electrical current to separate normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin types have different electrical charges and move at different speeds. The amount of each hemoglobin type in the current is measured.

Electrophoresis

What are those under Normal Hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin F, Hemoglobin A, Hemoglobin A2

This type is normally found in fetuses and newborn.

Hemoglobin F

Hemoglobin F is replaced by what shortly after birth?

Hemoglobin A

What are the types of Abnormal Hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin S, Hemoglobin C, Hemoglobin E, Hemoglobin D, Hemoglobin H

Also known as Heavy Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin H

This type of hemoglobin is present in sickle cell disease.

Hemoglobin S

This type of hemoglobin does not carry oxygen well.

Hemoglobin C

This type of hemoglobin is found in people of Southeast Asian descent.

Hemoglobin E

This type of hemoglobin is found in people of Southeast Asian descent.

Hemoglobin E

This type of hemoglobin is present in a sickle cell disorder.

Hemoglobin D

This type of hemoglobin may be present in certain types of thalassemia.

Hemoglobin H

This test measures the number of young red blood cells in your blood. The test shows whether your bone marrow is making red blood cells at the correct rate.

Reticulocyte Count

Low or Normal Reticulocyte Count indicates what?

In underproduction

High Reticulocyte Count indicates what?

Hemolysis or iron deficiency

Refers to the number of reticulocytes actually circulating.

Absolute Reticulocyte Count (RC)

Normal Value for Reticulocyte Count

0.5 to 1.5%

Normal value for Absolute RC

25,000 to 75,000/mcl

It corrects the retic count for the degree of anemia.

Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)

The idea of the __________________ is to assess whether the bone marrow is producing an appropriate response to an anemic state. Reticulocyte production should increase in response to any loss of red blood cells. It should increase within 2-3 days of a major acute hemorrhage.

Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)

True/False: There is no problem that arises because the reticulocyte count a count.

False

The Reticulocyte Index (RI) should be what for a healthy individual?

1 to 2%

This indicates loss of red blood cells, but decreased production of reticulocytes (ie, and inadequate response to correct the anemia) and therefore red blood cells.

RI < 2% with anemia

It indicates loss of red blood cells(from causes such as destruction, bleeding, etc.), with an increased compensatory production of reticulocytes to replace the lost red blood cells.

RI > 3% with anemia

It is a protein in the body that binds to iron; most of the iron stored in the body is bound to it.

Ferritin

Where can Ferritin be found?

Liver

A test to check the stool fo blood.

Occult Blood Test

For this test, a tube with a tiny camera is used to view the lining of the digestive tract.

Endoscopy

A procedure that involves taking a small amount of bone marrow fluid (aspiration) and/or solid bone marrow tissue (called a core biopsy), usually from the hip bones, to be examined for the number, size, and maturity of blood cells and/or abnormal cells.

Bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy

It is the classic test for Pernicious Anemia, butit is no longer widely used, as there are safer and more efficient methods.

Schilling test

This test can distinguish PA from other forms of B12 deficiency.

Schilling test

What oral dose is taken at Part one of the Schilling test?

Radiolabelled B12

It is used to investigate alterations and mutations in the genes that produce hemoglobin components. And confirm the diagnosis and establish the exact genetic type of thalassemia.

DNA analysis

It uses similar principles to separate hemoglobins and can be used instead of or in various combinations with hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine the types and quantities of hemoglobin present.

Isoelectric focusing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Types of Anemia according to the Morphology of the RBCs

Poikilocytes, Anisocytes

Types of Anemia according to Hemoglobin Concentration

Mild anemia, Moderate anemia, Severe anemia

Red cells of unequal shape

Poikilocytes

Red cells of unequal size

Anisocytes

It is considered when hemoglobin is between 9.5 - 13.0 g/dL

Mild anemia

It is considered when hemoglobin is between 8.0 - 9.5 g/dL.

Moderate anemia

It is considered for hemoglobin concentrations below 8.0 g/Dl

Severe anemia

* caused by a shortage of the element iron in your body. * caused by blood loss, such as from heavy menstrual bleeding, an ulcer, cancer, a polyp somewhere in your digestive System. * caused by prolonged use of aspirin or drugs known as nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is caused by prolonged use of aspirin or drugs known as what?

Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

*In addition to iron, your body needs folate and vitamin B-12 to produce sufficient numbers of healthy red blood cells. A diet lacking in these and other key nutrients can cause decreased red blood cell production. Additionally, some people may eat enough B-12, but their bodies aren't able to process the vitamin. This can lead to what type of anemia?

Vitamin deficiency anemia

It is caused by digestive diseases, folate malabsorption , medication - induced folic acid deficiency.

Megaloblastic Anemia

It is also called as bone marrow failure

Aplastic anemia

It is rare but serious blood disorder in which the body's bone marrow doesn't make enough new blood cells – RBCs, WBCs and platelets because the bone marrow's stem cells are damaged resulting to pancytopenia.

Aplastic anemia

It is not a type of cancer but may be associated with certain cancers (especially those affecting the bone marrow, such as leukemia) or cancer treatments. A small number of patients with AA may develop leukemia. *AA can be inherited or acquired. Acquired aplastic anemia is much more common than the inherited type.

Aplastic Anemia

What are the causes of inherited aplastic anemia?

Fanconi anemia, Dyskeratoris congenita, Diamond-Blackfan syndrome

Translation(Pre-finals)

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

Translation(Pre-finals)