Intro to Clinical Chemistry

71問 • 2年前

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It deals with the quantitative analysis and accurate measurement of the chemical composition of the analytes in the human body in order to help the physician understand the health status, obtain a diagnosis and develop a treatment plan.

Clinical chemistry

It combines analytics and intrumentation with information technology

Clinical chemistry

It encompasses varied chemical testing that plays a significant role in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as monitoring and maintaining patient health.

Clinical chemistry

Found virtually at all hospitals which operates 24hrs a day, 7 days a week to provide the essential most requested test.

Core lab facility

With highly automated environment and instruments with multi-analyte capabilities

Core lab facility

Types of analytical techniques found on multianalyte analysis

Immunoassays, Ion-selective electrodes

Based with colorimec detection

Immunoassays

Designed with a membrane that is specific for a particular analyte (Na, K, Cl). Change in potential is measured when electrodes are placed in a sample.

Ion-selective electrodes

There are less frequently ordered tests, labor intensive and often manual methods.

Special chemistry

•Non-stat test (result not required immediately) •Employs ELECTROPHORESIS, HPLC, INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA), GC-MS

Special chemistry

A test where the result is not required immediately

Non-stat test

•more expensive •CCU, ER, ICU OR SATELLITE CENTRE (clinic)

Point of care testing

•Test are urgent importance •Bedside on in clinical care unit

Point of care testing

What kind of water is unsuitable for lab use?

Tap water

Types of Water Purification Techniques

Distillation, Reverse osmosis, Ultrafiltration, Deionization

Removes most organic matter during the water purification.

Distillation

Removes organic, ionic, microbial and viral contaminants during the water purification

Reverse osmosis

Removes particulate matter, bacteria and emusified solids during the water purification

Ultrafiltration

Ions removed during the water purification

Deionization

Reagent Grades of Water

Type I, Type II, Type III, CAP

Grade of water required for sensitive test

Type I

Grade of water which is acceptable for most uses

Type II

Grade of water which is OK for washing glasswares

Type III

Refers to Quality control of water, pH, electrical resistance and bacterial culture

CAP

The unit of measurement for Length

Meter

The unit of measurement for Mass

Gram

The unit of measurement for Quantity

Mole

The unit of measurement for volume

Liter

The unit of measurement for Time

Second

What is the solvent that is measured the most in the clinical lab?

Plasma

True/False: The clinical lab always uses solutions

True

Type YES afterwards

YES

It refers to whatever the substance we want to measure

Solute

True or False: The substance in a solution are in chemical combination with one another.

False

3 components of Molality

Gram weight of solute, Solute’s gram molecular weight, Solvent quantity

Analyze then type YES if done! How many grams of NaOH are needed to make a 25.0% w/w solution using deionized water as the solvent? SOLUTION: 25.0% w/w = X g of solute in 100 g of solution X = 25.0g NaOH

YES

Most accurate method of expressing concentration but can be cumbersome (especially with liquid), not often used in clinical labs.

% w/w

Easiest & commonly used, very accurate if temperature controlled.

% w/v

Analyze then type YES if done! What is the % w/v of a solution that has 15.0g of NaCl dissolved into a total volume of 100ml deionized water? X % w/v = 15%

YES

Least accurate, but used when both substances are liquids.

% v/v

Analyze then type YES if done! How many milliliters of ethanol are needed to make a 75.0% v/v solution using deionized water as the solvent? 75.0% v/v EtOH = X ml EtOH in 100ml of solution = 75.0ml EtOH

YES

Moles/liter

Molarity

moles/1000grams solvent

Molality

equivalent weight/liter

Normality

An example of this are borosilicate glass with low alkali content such as kimax and pyrex.

High thermal resistant glass

They are strengthen chemically rather than thermally, six times stronger than borosilicaye

Alumina-silicate glass

Glass which has been strengthened chemically

Corex brand

Recommended for use involving high temperature ; drastic heat shock. It is primarily used in ashing and ignition techniques.

Vycor brand

Non-volumetric glassware

Beaker, Flask

Volumetric Glassware

Volumetric flask, Graduated cylinder

Laboratory equiment used to transport a measured volume of liquid

Pipettes

A pippete which is designed to deliver a single volume precisely.

Volumetric flask

Pippetes which are available for measuring very small volumes

Micropippetes

They are neither calibrated nor graduated and are considered fairly innacurate today.

Pasteur pippetes

This pippete dispenses a pre-rated sample when plunger is moved through its complete stroke.

Automated pippetes

Types of pippetes

Volumetric pippetes, Graduated pippetes, Pasteur pippetes, Micropipettes, Automated pippetes

Used for transferring liquid to another container or to transfer a small amount of reagent for use in procedures.

Beaker

For rapid measurement of liquid volume

Graduated cylinder

Features a conical base, a cylinder neck and a flat bottom and is NOT used for ACCURATE measurement

Erlenmeyer flask

It separate solids from a liquid suspension by means of centrifugal force.

Centrifuge

Most common type of Balance in the laboratory

Single pan

Plastic wares in the lab

Polyolefins, Polycarbonate resins, Tygon, Teflon Fluorocarbon resins

Cleansing solutions for glassware

Diluted detergent, 10% KOH, Potassium dichromate

With highly automated environment, and equiped with equipments with Multi-analyte capabilities

Core lab facility

A modified volumetric pipette with their bulbs closer to the delivery tip

Ostwald-Folin pipette

It is a type of volumetric pipettes constructed of thickwalled capillary tubing with a bulb in the center and one mark above and one below

Van Slyke pipette

Types of volumetric pipette

Ostwald-Folin pipette, Van slyke pipette

This is a soda-lime glass composed of micture of silicone, calcium and sodium

Standard flint glass

This contains materials that imparts an amber or red color to the glass and reduce thr amount of light passing to the substance within the glassware

Low actinic glassware

A pipette marker TC and sometimes called "drain out pipette". it have a single painted or frosted ring at the top.

Mohr

A pippet marked TC and also known as a "blown out pipette". It has no base mark and graduated continue onto the tip

Serological

Translation(Pre-finals)

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

Translation(Pre-finals)