Pathogenesis Part 2

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

It is the ability of microorganisms to cause diseases. Also refers to the degree of pathogenicity.

Virulence

What are factors influencing Microbial Virulence?

Toxic factors, Enzymatic factors, Cellular structure

What are the Host Resistance Factors?

Physical barriers, Cleansing mechanisms, Antimicrobial substance, Microbiota, Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Immune response

What are the two types of Microbiota?

Resident microbiota, Transient microbiota

They temporarily inhabit, multiply in, and colonize an area for months or years

Resident microbiota

They inhabit (but do not multiply) and colonize an area until they are eliminated by either the host's inherent immune defense or competition with the resident microbiota.

Transient microbiota

It is the process by which certain cells called phagocytes engulf and dispose of microorganisms and cell debris.

Phagocytosis

PMN leukocytes and macrophages are examples of what?

Phagocytes

They ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles through a process known as endocytosis.

Phagocytes

It is a condition that serves as a reinforcement mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation in tissues and organs.

Inflammation

What are some signs that may indicate an inflammation?

Swelling, Redness, Burning sensation, Pain in affected areas

What are the components of Inflamation?

Phagocytes, Complement system, Coagulation system, Cytokines

What are the Microbiotas located on the Skin?

Staphylococcus, Propionobacteria, Diphtheroids

It is also known as Diphtheroids

Corynebacterium

What are the Microbiota located at the Mouth and Oral Cavity?

Streptococci viridans

What are the Microbiota located at the Upper Respiratory Tract?

Streptococci viridans, Diphtheroids, Staphylococcus epidermidis

What are the Microbiota located at the Nasopharynx?

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epi, Neisseria miningitidis

What are the Microbiota located at the Colon?

Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, Lactobacilli

What are Microbiota that can be located at the Urethra?

Diphtheroids, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus alpha, Non-haemolytic Streptococci

It provides the human host with the ability to create a specific protective response against microorganisms. And "memorizes" all of the encountered microorganisms.

Immune response

How long does it takes for the normal immune system to remove the bacteria from the blood?

30 to 45 minutes

What may possibly reduce and alter the host's immune response?

Immunocompressive drugs, Chemotheraphy, Radiation

What are two types of specific immunity?

Humoral immunity, Cellular immunity

This type of immunity is antibody-mediated.

Humoral immunity

This type of immunity is cell mediated.

Cellular immunity

It is based on the action of soluble proteins called antibodies that occur in the body fluids and on the plasma membrane of B-lymphocytes.

Humoral immunity

It is based on the action of specific kinds of T-lymphocytes that directly attack the cells that are infected with viruses, parasites, cancer cells, or transplanted cells.

Cellular immunity

It is the protection of susceptible humans and domestic animals from communicable diseases through the administration of vaccines.

Active immunization

It is the specific response of the host to an invading organism.

Acquired active immunity

It is the ability of the B-lymphocytes to recall pathogens during the primary encounter leading to a higher antibody response on the second encounter.

Anamnestic immunity

It is a major genetically determined change in the antigenic property of an organism in which it becomes unrecognizable by the host's immune system.

Antigenic shift

It is a minor antigenic change as a result of mutation in the organism strains. And facilitates the pathogen in avoiding host-immune responses.

Antigenic drift

These are antibodies that are attached to the surface of pathogens and which kill the bacteria by lysis.

Complement-fixing antibodies

This is the non-specific response that activates chemotaxis, or the process which phagocytes are directed to the site of replication and engulf the invading organism.

Natural immunity

They are are attached to the surface of microorganism and which block surface receptors.

Neutralizing antibodies

It is the transient type immunization that is administered to individuals without fully activating the person's immune system to create the corresponding antibodies to diseases.

Passive immunization

These are attached to the surface of microorganisms and which render pathogens susceptible phagocytosis.

Opsonizing antibodies

What are the Infectious Agents factors?

Adherence, Proliferation, Tissue damage, Production of toxins, Invasion, Dissemination

What are the two types of toxins?

Exotoxin, Endotoxin

It is known to be one of the most lethal substances. Mostly present in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. •do not require bacterial death to be released into circulation. •do not produce fever to the host

Exotoxin

Exotoxin are either secreted or excreted by what?

Living microorganisms

Give some examples of Exotoxin.

Cytotoxins, Neurotoxins, Enterotoxins

What bacteria produces Exotoxin?

Clostridium botulinum, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes

It is composed of the LPS of the cell wall and present only in Gram negative bacteria. It stimulates the fever center in the hypothalamus.

Endotoxin

True/False: Endotoxins are released when bacteria dies and cell wall undergo lysis.

True

True/False: The toxicity of Endotoxin is NOT due to the lipid A portion of the LPS.

False

It is the process of penetrating and growing in tissues.

Invasion

it is the spread of microorganisms to distant body sites.

Dissemination

What are the Routes of Transmission of Infectious agents?

Airborne transmission, Transmission by food and water, Close contact, Cuts and bites, Arthropods, Zoonoses

What diseases can be acquired through Inhalation?

Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Tularemia, Plague

Microorganisms that can be transmitted by food and water

Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli

True/False: Gastric enzymes and juices in the stomach prevent the survival of most organisms

True

It refers to the passage of organism through salivary, skin, and genital contact.

Close contact

It cause infection through the normal oral microbiota

Cuts and bites

The infection multiply within the ______________ which transmits the microorganisms while feeding off a human host

Arthropods

These animal diseases that depends on the contact with animals or animal by-product for transmission

Zoonoses

It is the study of occurence, distribution and cause of disease or injury.

Epidemiology

What are the factors contributing to Epidemiology?

Carrier, Likelihood of becoming endemic, Likelihood of becoming epidemic, Likelihood of becoming pandemic, Incidence rate, Incubation period, Morbidity rate, Mortality rate, Reservoir

What are the 4 types of Carrier

Casual/acute/transient carrier, Chronic carrier, Convalescent carrier, Active carrier

They harbors the microorganisms temporarily for a few days or weeks.

Casual carrier

They remains infected for a relatively long time sometimes throughout its entire life.

Chronic carrier

An individual who has recovered from infection but continues to harbour large numbers of the pathogen.

Convalescent carrier

An individual who has an overt clinical case of the disease

Active carrier

The organism or disease are indigenous to or constantly present in a geographic area or population

Endemic

It affects a significantly large number of people in a short period of time.

Epidemic

It affects huge population across the regions like several countries or a continent

Pandemic

It is the number of times a new event occurs in a given period.

Incidence rate

It is the time between the exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms.

Incubation period

It is the number of cases of a disease in a specified population during a defined time interval.

Morbidity rate

It is the number of deaths due to a disease in a population

Mortality rate

It is the source of an infection, which may be a person, animal or any object from the environment.

Reservoir

Phagocytes ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles through a process known as _________________.

Endocytosis

Translation(Pre-finals)

Translation(Pre-finals)

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Transcription

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