Antimicrobial (Antibiotics)

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Streptomyces nodosus?

Amphotericin B

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Streptomyces noursei?

Nystatin

Amphotericin B is produced by what microorganism?

Streptomyces nodosus

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Streptomyces venezuelae?

Chloramphenicol

Nystatin is produced by what microorganism?

Streptomyces noursei

Chloramphenicol is produced by what microorganism?

Streptomyces venezuelae

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Bacillus subtilis?

Bacitracin

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Bacillus polymyxa?

Polymyxin

Bacitracin is produced by what microorganism?

Bacillus subtilis

Polymyxin is produced by what microorganism?

Bacillus polymyxa

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Cephalosporium?

Cephalosporins

Cephalosphorin is produced by what microorganism?

Cephalosphorium

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Micromonospora purpurea?

Gentamicin

Gentamicin is produced by what microorganism?

Micromonospora purpurea

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Penicillium notatum?

Penicillin

Penicillin is produced by what microorganism?

Penicillium notatum

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Streptomyces erythraeus?

Erythromycin

What is the antibiotics that is produced by the microorganism Streptomyces Fradiae?

Neomycin

Erythromycin is produced by what microorganism?

Streptomyces erythraeus

Neomycin is produced by what microorganism?

Streptomyces fradiae

What are the antiobiotics under Narrow-spectrum?

Bacitracin, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Penicillin, Vancomycin

What are the antiobiotics under Broad spectrum?

Ampicillin, Cephalosporins, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Rifampicin, Trimethoprim, Tetracycline

What are the classification of Antibacterial Drugs?

Natural drugs, Semi-synthetic drugs, Synthetic drugs

Give examples of Natural drugs

Erythromycin, Amphotericin B, Vancomycin, Tetracycline, Penicillin

Give examples of Semi-synthetic drugs

Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Methicillin

Give examples of Synthetic drugs

Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Ciprofloxacin, Isoniazid

What are the classification of Antimicrobial agents?

Bacteriostatic agents, Bactericidal agents

Give examples of Bacteriostatic agents

Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Clindamycin

Give examples of Bactericidal agents

Aminoglycosides, B-lactams, Glycopeptides

The capacity to inhibit other microorganisms

Bacteriostatic

What are the kinds of Antimicrobial agents?

Cell wall inhibitors, Protein synthesis inhibitors, Nucleic acid inhibitors, Cell membrane inhibitors, Essential metabolite inhibitors

The capacity to kill other microorganisms

Bactericidal

Give examples of Nucleic acid inhibitors

Rifampicin, Quinolones, Metronidazole

This kind of Antimicrobial agents are the most selective antibiotics with a high therapeutic index. Inhibits the transpeptidase enzymes in which cell growth stops and the death of the cells occurs.

Cell wall inhibitor

These are chemical substances produced by microorganisms with the capacity to inhibit or kill other microorganisms.

Antimicrobials

They are effective against a limited number of pathogens. Example: Bacitracin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin and Vancomycin

Narrow-spectrum

Give an example of Cell membrane inhibitors

Polymyxin B and E

Give examples of Cell wall inhibitors

Bacitracin, B-lactams, Isoniazid, Vancomycin, Carbenicillin, Penicillin

Give examples of Essential metabolite inhibitors

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), Dapsone, Trimethoprim

They destroy different kinds of organisms. Example: Ampicillin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, trimethoprim and tetracycline.

Broad spectrum

Give examples of Protein synthesis inhibitors.

Tetracycline, Aminoglycosides, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Linezoid

It is the kind of Antimicrobial agent that binds with a 30S subunit that result in the misreading of mRNA and 50S subunit that results in the inhibition of peptidyl transferase and peptide chain elongation.

Protein synthesis inhibitors

This type of Antimicrobial drugs are produced by bacteria or fungi. Ex.: Erythromycin, amphotericin B, vancomycin, tetracycline, penicillin

Natural drugs

It inhabits RNA polymerase.

Rifampicin

It inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan precursors.

Bacitracin

It interferes with DNA gyarase and topoisomerase IV and highly effective for enteric bacteria.

Quinolones

This type of Antimicrobial drugs are modified drugs with added chemical groups. Ex.: Ampicillin, carbenicillin and methicillin.

Semi-synthetic drugs

This type of Antibacterial drugs are chemically --produced drugs. Ex.: Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, isoniazid.

Synthetic drugs

It disrupts DNA and is effectice against anaerobic bacteria.

Metronidazole

It inhibits transpeptidation.

B-lactams

Gram- negatige bacteria (P. aeuruginosa) also used as a topical antibiotic.

Polymyxin B and E

This type of bacteriostatic agent usually kill or destroy organisms and are used for the treatment of life-threatening infections. Ex. Aminoglycosides, B-lactams, Glycopeptide

Bactericidal agents

It acts on growing cells and can either be a bactericidal or bactetiostatic agent.

Isoniazid

It inhibits the translocation and elongation of peptidoglycan.

Vancomycin

It inhibits folic acid and metabolism and has a higher therapeutic index.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)

This type of bacteriostatic agent inhibit the bacterial growth but generally they do not kill the microorganisms. Ex. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin

Bacteriostatic agents

It blocks the initial step in protein synthesis.

Linezolid

It interferes with folic acid sythesis.

Dapsone

What are the Characteristics of Antimicrobial agents?

1. Must be in an active form., 2. Must able to achieve concentration at the site of infection that is higher than the pathogen's MIC to be effective., 3. Must have "selective toxicity".

They are genetic elements that are capable of integrating genes(cassettes) by an integrin encoded site-specific recombinase.

Integrons

It blocks the tetrahydrofale synthesis.

Trimethoprim

It is the lowest concentration of a drug that can still inhibit bacterial growth.

Minimal-inhibitory concentration (MIC)

It is the lowest concentration of a drug that can kill bacteria.

Minimal lethal concentration

They are enzymes (transpeptidase or transglycolase) that mediate peptidoglycan cross-linking with reduced affinity for B-lactam antibiotics.

Penicillin-binding proteins

It is the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose and as such, the higher the therapeutic index, the more effective the chemotherapeutic agent.

Therapeutic index

These are DNA elements that encode transposition and excision functions and which are also able to carry antibiotic resistance genes among plasmids and chromosomes.

Transposons

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