Lipids, Amino acids , Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Disaccharides

Lactose

Sucrose

Polysaccharides

True

Organisms rely on the oxidation of complex organic compounds to obtain energy.

False

Polysaccharides

•A complex group of compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.  •Carbohydrates almost exclusively come from plants, the exception being lactose from milk and a small number of sugars in red meat.  •When consumed, carbohydrates provide energy (ATP) to our cells.

Fermentation

Ultimate goal is to convert glucose to CO2 and water with ATP as a by-product.

•Converted to liver glycogen and stored . •Metabolized to CO2 and H2O. •Converted to keto-acids, amino-acids, and proteins. •Converted to fats and stored in adipose tissue.

Embden-Meyerhof pathway, Hexose monophosphate shunt

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Converts glucose to pyruvate/lactate , Primary energy source for humans

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Oxidizes glucose to ribose and CO2 , Produces NADPH as an energy source

The conversion of glucose and other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate., Breakdown of glucose for energy production.

Gycolysis, Gylcogenesis, Gycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

The conversion of glucose to glycogen usually in liver and muscle., Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen.

Glycogen

Glycogenesis

The breakdown of glycogen to form glucose occurs when plasma glucose is decreased. , Occurs quickly if additional glucose is needed

Gylcogenolysis

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids into glucose. , Occurs mainly in the liver

Fat

Lipogenesis

Lipolysis

Insulin

Facilitates glucose entry into cells for glucose to enter., Cell membranes need insulin to be present., Promotes liver glycogenesis., Promotes glycolysis, speeds up utilization of glucose in cells., Promotes synthesis of lipids from glucose. Such as the formation of triglycerides., Promotes amino acid synthesis from glucose intermediates., Decreases / inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Blood glucose level, Certain amino acids

Leucine, Arginine

Hyperglycemic agent

Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans

Glucagon

Decreases plasma glucose

Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis., Promotes breakdown of fatty acids. , Promotes breakdown of proteins to form amino acids., Increases plasma glucose concentration.

Epinephrine

Neurogenic, Adrenal tumors

o Inhibits insulin secretion and release o Promotes lipolysis o Stimulates glycogenolysis o Immediate release of glucose

Glucocorticoids

o Antagonistic to insulin o Increases blood glucose o Promotes gluconeogenesis from breakdown of proteins o Inhibits entry of glucose into muscles

Anterior pituitary gland

o Antagonistic to insulin o Increases plasma glucose levels o Inhibits insulin secretion o Inhibits entry of glucose into muscle cells o Inhibits glycolysis o Inhibits formation of triglycerides from glucose

Anterior pituitary’s ACTH

•Decreased glucose stimulates its release. •Increased glucose inhibits its release.

Thyroid hormone

100g

400-500g

Sweet, Splitting

3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L

120 g

Skeletal muscle

74-106 mg/dL

10 mg/dL per hour

Whole blood

CSF specimens

Bacterial meningitis

Viral meningitis

less than 500mg/24hours

126

Fanconi- Bickel

Hepatomegaly , Rickets

Hepatomegaly, Hypoglycemia

Myoglobinuria, Muscle cramps

Cardiomegaly, Infantile death