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問題一覧
1
One of it are cortisol and originates from the adrenal cortex.
Glucocorticoids
2
Explain the process of Glycolysis.
The conversion of glucose and other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate., Breakdown of glucose for energy production.
3
Fasting value of > than ____ mg/dL usually indicates a problem
126
4
What is the normal range of Blood glucose?
3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L
5
The result using this speciment is 11% lower than plasma and serum
Whole blood
6
Thyroxine is what type of hormone?
Thyroid hormone
7
What are the certain amino acids that control Insulin secretion?
Leucine, Arginine
8
Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words (glykys = __________ and lysis = __________).
Sweet, Splitting
9
Where is Glucagon synthesized?
Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans
10
Glucagon is also referred to as what?
Hyperglycemic agent
11
It is the most important regulatory hormone and only one to decrease glucose level. It is synthesized in the Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans (in the pancreas).
Insulin
12
What are three general types of compound which provide chemical energy to our cells?
Lipids, Amino acids , Carbohydrates
13
Glucose transporter – 2
Fanconi- Bickel
14
It is made up of long chains of molecules with combinations of monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Polysaccharides
15
What are the action/effects of Epinephrine?
o Inhibits insulin secretion and release o Promotes lipolysis o Stimulates glycogenolysis o Immediate release of glucose
16
Fatty acids and ketone bodies are preferably used by what muscle?
Skeletal muscle
17
It oxidizes glucose to ribose and CO2 and produces NADPH as an energy source.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
18
Decreased CSF glucose value suggest ___________ because bacteria are consuming glucose as energy source.
Bacterial meningitis
19
What does McArdle – muscle phosphorylase causes?
Myoglobinuria, Muscle cramps
20
What is the reference value for serum and plasma?
74-106 mg/dL
21
How much glycogen can the liver store?
100g
22
Explain what is Carbohydrate breakdown?
Ultimate goal is to convert glucose to CO2 and water with ATP as a by-product.
23
When consumed, they provide energy (ATP) to our cells.
Carbohydrates
24
How much glycogen can the muscle typically store during movement?
400-500g
25
It refers to the conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids.
Lipogenesis
26
What are the classification of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
27
It is one of two glucose regulating hormones from the adrenal gland and it originates from the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine
28
What are the stimuli of Epinephrine?
Neurogenic, Adrenal tumors
29
Where is Insulin synthesized?
Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans
30
True/False: Polysaccharides (fiber) may be completely digested by enzymes within the body
False
31
Give some examples of Monosaccharides.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
32
At what rate does the cells utilize glucose?
10 mg/dL per hour
33
What is the stimuli of Growth hormone (GH) and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
•Decreased glucose stimulates its release. •Increased glucose inhibits its release.
34
What is the glucose requirment for the brain?
120 g
35
Explain what is Carbohydrates and where do they come from?
•A complex group of compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. •Carbohydrates almost exclusively come from plants, the exception being lactose from milk and a small number of sugars in red meat. •When consumed, carbohydrates provide energy (ATP) to our cells.
36
Normal or Increased CSF glucose suggests _________________.
Viral meningitis
37
What are the actions/effects of glucagon
Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis., Promotes breakdown of fatty acids. , Promotes breakdown of proteins to form amino acids., Increases plasma glucose concentration.
38
What does Von Gierke – Glucose – 6- Phosphatase deficiency causes?
Hepatomegaly, Retarded growth, Seizures
39
What are the actions/effects of Glucocorticoids?
o Antagonistic to insulin o Increases blood glucose o Promotes gluconeogenesis from breakdown of proteins o Inhibits entry of glucose into muscles
40
What are two biochemical pathways in Carbohydrate Breakdown?
Embden-Meyerhof pathway, Hexose monophosphate shunt
41
How do organisms obtain energy?
Organisms rely on the oxidation of complex organic compounds to obtain energy.
42
Explain what is Gylcogenesis.
The conversion of glucose to glycogen usually in liver and muscle., Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen.
43
It converts glucose to pyruvate. and is the primary energy source for humans
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
44
It refers to the decomposition of fats.
Lipolysis
45
What are the possible channels to carbohydrate breakdown.
•Converted to liver glycogen and stored . •Metabolized to CO2 and H2O. •Converted to keto-acids, amino-acids, and proteins. •Converted to fats and stored in adipose tissue.
46
Starch, cellulose, pectin, gums, and fiber are example of what carbohydates?
Polysaccharides
47
What are the actions/effects of Growth hormone (GH) and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
o Antagonistic to insulin o Increases plasma glucose levels o Inhibits insulin secretion o Inhibits entry of glucose into muscle cells o Inhibits glycolysis o Inhibits formation of triglycerides from glucose
48
It is the conversion of glucose to glycogen usually in liver and muscle. Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen.
Glycogenesis
49
What does Pompe – 1,4-Glucosidase deficiency causes?
Cardiomegaly, Infantile death
50
It is the conversion of glucose and other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate. And the breakdown of glucose for energy production.
Glycolysis
51
What should be analyzed ASAP?
CSF specimens
52
It is the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose occurs when plasma glucose is decreased. It occurs quickly if additional glucose is needed.
Gylcogenolysis
53
What are the different types of Carbohydrate metabolism?
Gycolysis, Gylcogenesis, Gycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis
54
How much urine is lost in the urine daily?
less than 500mg/24hours
55
It is another energy storage form, but not as quickly accessible as glycogen.
Fat
56
It is extracted from sugar cane and is made up of one glucose and one fructose unit joined together.
Sucrose
57
Polysaccharides -Made up of long chains of molecules with combinations of monosaccharides and disaccharides, and some have very complicated . -They can range from 10 monomers to thousands of monomers. -Examples of such carbohydrates are the groups including starch, cellulose, pectin, gums, and fiber. -Polysaccharides (fiber) may not be completely digested by enzymes within the body -They may require _______________ by colonic bacteria.
Fermentation
58
A single sugar molecule that are building blocks for all other sugars and carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
59
Explain what is the Hexose monophosphate stunt?
Oxidizes glucose to ribose and CO2 , Produces NADPH as an energy source
60
What are the actions/effects of insulin?
Facilitates glucose entry into cells for glucose to enter., Cell membranes need insulin to be present., Promotes liver glycogenesis., Promotes glycolysis, speeds up utilization of glucose in cells., Promotes synthesis of lipids from glucose. Such as the formation of triglycerides., Promotes amino acid synthesis from glucose intermediates., Decreases / inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
61
It is the main sugar found in milk, consisting of a galactose and a glucose molecule.
Lactose
62
They are a complex group of compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates
63
What is the stimuli of Glucocorticoids?
Anterior pituitary’s ACTH
64
True/False: Polysaccharides can range from 10 monomers to thousands of monomers
True
65
What does Hers - Liver phosphorilase causes?
Hepatomegaly, Hypoglycemia
66
Explain Gluconeogenesis.
The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids into glucose. , Occurs mainly in the liver
67
It is a quickly accessible storage form of glucose.
Glycogen
68
What does Fanconi- Bickel -glucose transporter - 2 causes?
Hepatomegaly , Rickets