記憶度
11問
28問
0問
0問
0問
アカウント登録して、解答結果を保存しよう
問題一覧
1
What are three general types of compound which provide chemical energy to our cells?
Lipids, Amino acids , Carbohydrates
2
They are a complex group of compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates
3
They almost exclusively come from plants, the exception being lactose from milk and a small number of sugars in red meat.
Carbohydrates
4
When consumed, they provide energy (ATP) to our cells.
Carbohydrates
5
What are the classification of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
6
A single sugar molecule that are building blocks for all other sugars and carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
7
Give some examples of Monosaccharides.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
8
They are sugars that are made up of two single sugar units joined together.
Disaccharides
9
It is the main sugar found in milk, consisting of a galactose and a glucose molecule.
Lactose
10
It is extracted from sugar cane and is made up of one glucose and one fructose unit joined together.
Sucrose
11
It is made up of long chains of molecules with combinations of monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Polysaccharides
12
True/False: Polysaccharides can range from 10 monomers to thousands of monomers
True
13
How do organisms obtain energy?
Organisms rely on the oxidation of complex organic compounds to obtain energy.
14
True/False: Polysaccharides (fiber) may be completely digested by enzymes within the body
False
15
Starch, cellulose, pectin, gums, and fiber are example of what carbohydates?
Polysaccharides
16
Explain what is Carbohydrates and where do they come from?
•A complex group of compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. •Carbohydrates almost exclusively come from plants, the exception being lactose from milk and a small number of sugars in red meat. •When consumed, carbohydrates provide energy (ATP) to our cells.
17
Polysaccharides -Made up of long chains of molecules with combinations of monosaccharides and disaccharides, and some have very complicated . -They can range from 10 monomers to thousands of monomers. -Examples of such carbohydrates are the groups including starch, cellulose, pectin, gums, and fiber. -Polysaccharides (fiber) may not be completely digested by enzymes within the body -They may require _______________ by colonic bacteria.
Fermentation
18
Explain what is Carbohydrate breakdown?
Ultimate goal is to convert glucose to CO2 and water with ATP as a by-product.
19
What are the possible channels to carbohydrate breakdown.
•Converted to liver glycogen and stored . •Metabolized to CO2 and H2O. •Converted to keto-acids, amino-acids, and proteins. •Converted to fats and stored in adipose tissue.
20
What are two biochemical pathways in Carbohydrate Breakdown?
Embden-Meyerhof pathway, Hexose monophosphate shunt
21
It converts glucose to pyruvate. and is the primary energy source for humans
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
22
Explain the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?
Converts glucose to pyruvate/lactate , Primary energy source for humans
23
It oxidizes glucose to ribose and CO2 and produces NADPH as an energy source.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
24
Explain what is the Hexose monophosphate stunt?
Oxidizes glucose to ribose and CO2 , Produces NADPH as an energy source
25
Explain the process of Glycolysis.
The conversion of glucose and other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate., Breakdown of glucose for energy production.
26
What are the different types of Carbohydrate metabolism?
Gycolysis, Gylcogenesis, Gycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis
27
It is the conversion of glucose and other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate. And the breakdown of glucose for energy production.
Glycolysis
28
Explain what is Gylcogenesis.
The conversion of glucose to glycogen usually in liver and muscle., Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen.
29
It is a quickly accessible storage form of glucose.
Glycogen
30
It is the conversion of glucose to glycogen usually in liver and muscle. Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen.
Glycogenesis
31
Explain what is Gylcogenolysis.
The breakdown of glycogen to form glucose occurs when plasma glucose is decreased. , Occurs quickly if additional glucose is needed
32
It is the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose occurs when plasma glucose is decreased. It occurs quickly if additional glucose is needed.
Gylcogenolysis
33
Explain Gluconeogenesis.
The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids into glucose. , Occurs mainly in the liver
34
It is another energy storage form, but not as quickly accessible as glycogen.
Fat
35
It refers to the conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids.
Lipogenesis
36
It refers to the decomposition of fats.
Lipolysis
37
It is the most important regulatory hormone and only one to decrease glucose level. It is synthesized in the Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans (in the pancreas).
Insulin
38
What are the actions/effects of insulin?
Facilitates glucose entry into cells for glucose to enter., Cell membranes need insulin to be present., Promotes liver glycogenesis., Promotes glycolysis, speeds up utilization of glucose in cells., Promotes synthesis of lipids from glucose. Such as the formation of triglycerides., Promotes amino acid synthesis from glucose intermediates., Decreases / inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
39
What controls insulin secretion?
Blood glucose level, Certain amino acids
40
What are the certain amino acids that control Insulin secretion?
Leucine, Arginine
41
Glucagon is also referred to as what?
Hyperglycemic agent
42
Where is Insulin synthesized?
Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans
43
Where is Glucagon synthesized?
Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans
44
It is the 2nd most important glucose regulatory hormone.
Glucagon
45
What is the stimuli of glucagon?
Decreases plasma glucose
46
What are the actions/effects of glucagon
Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis., Promotes breakdown of fatty acids. , Promotes breakdown of proteins to form amino acids., Increases plasma glucose concentration.
47
It is one of two glucose regulating hormones from the adrenal gland and it originates from the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine
48
What are the stimuli of Epinephrine?
Neurogenic, Adrenal tumors
49
What are the action/effects of Epinephrine?
o Inhibits insulin secretion and release o Promotes lipolysis o Stimulates glycogenolysis o Immediate release of glucose
50
One of it are cortisol and originates from the adrenal cortex.
Glucocorticoids
51
What are the actions/effects of Glucocorticoids?
o Antagonistic to insulin o Increases blood glucose o Promotes gluconeogenesis from breakdown of proteins o Inhibits entry of glucose into muscles
52
Where do Growth hormone (GH) and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) originates from?
Anterior pituitary gland
53
What are the actions/effects of Growth hormone (GH) and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
o Antagonistic to insulin o Increases plasma glucose levels o Inhibits insulin secretion o Inhibits entry of glucose into muscle cells o Inhibits glycolysis o Inhibits formation of triglycerides from glucose
54
What is the stimuli of Glucocorticoids?
Anterior pituitary’s ACTH
55
What is the stimuli of Growth hormone (GH) and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
•Decreased glucose stimulates its release. •Increased glucose inhibits its release.
56
Thyroxine is what type of hormone?
Thyroid hormone
57
How much glycogen can the liver store?
100g
58
How much glycogen can the muscle typically store during movement?
400-500g
59
Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words (glykys = __________ and lysis = __________).
Sweet, Splitting
60
What is the normal range of Blood glucose?
3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L
61
What is the glucose requirment for the brain?
120 g
62
Fatty acids and ketone bodies are preferably used by what muscle?
Skeletal muscle
63
What is the reference value for serum and plasma?
74-106 mg/dL
64
At what rate does the cells utilize glucose?
10 mg/dL per hour
65
The result using this speciment is 11% lower than plasma and serum
Whole blood