Seminalysis Part 2

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

Determine what is in the image!

Normal

Determine what is in the image!

Double head

Determine what is in the image!

Giant head

Determine what is in the image!

Amorphous head

Determine what is in the image!

Pinhead

Determine what is in the image!

Tapered head

Determine what is in the image!

Constricted head

Determine what is in the image!

Double tail

Determine what is in the image!

Coiled tail

Determine what is in the image!

Spermatid

Low sperm concentration may be caused by _________________ produced in the seminal vesicles.

Lack of the support medium

Specimens can be screened for the presence of fructose using the _________________ that produces an orange color when fructose is present.

Resorcinol test

What is (+) result for Resorcinol test?

Orange color ehen fructose is present

Why shoud specimens for fructose levels be immediately tested within 2 hours or frozen if not being tested?

To prevent Fructolysis

What are the different Sperm Function Tests?

Hamster egg penetration, Cervical mucus penetration, Hypo-osmotic swelling, In vitro acrosome reaction

Sperm are incubated with species non-specific hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically

Hamster egg penetration

Observation of sperm penetration ability of partner’s midcycle cervical mucus

Cervical mucus penetration

Sperm exposed to low sodium concentrations are evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability

Hypo-osmotic swelling

Evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration

In vitro acrosome reaction

-It can be present in both men and women. -It is considered a possible cause of infertility

Anti-sperm antibodies

Antisperm antibodies may be detected in:

Semen, Cervical mucosa, Serum, Seminal fluid

Under normal conditions, _________________ separates sperm from the male immune system. When this barrier is disrupted, as can occur following surgery, vasectomy reversal (vasovasostomy), trauma & infection, the antigens on the sperm produce an immune response that damages the sperm.The damaged sperm may cause the production of antibodies in the female partner.

The blood-testes barrier

The presence of antibodies in _______________ can be suspected when clumps of sperm are observed during a routine semen analysis.

Male subject

The presence if antibodies in _________________ results in a normal semen analysis accompanied by continued infertility.

Female subject

The presence of antibofies in ___________________ may be demonstrated by mixing the semen with the female cervical mucosa or serum and observing for agglutination.

Women

What are the Tests for Anti-sperm antibodies?

Mixed agglutination Reaction (MAR) Test, Immunobead Test

Screening procedure used primarily to detect the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.

Mixed Agglutination Reaction (MAR) Test

• Used to detect the presence of IgG, IgM, & IgA antibodies. • Demonstrates what area of the sperm (head, neckpiece, midpiece, or tail) the autoantibodies are affecting

Immunobead Test

Abnormalities of sperm and tails

Double head, Giant head, Amorphous head, Pin head, Tapered head, Constricted head, Double tail, Coiled tail, Spermatid

Top part of the inner part of the head

Acrosome

Percentage of normal forms under routine criteria under strict criteria

14%

Percentage of normal forms under routine criteria

30%

- Requires the use of a stage micrometer or morphometry. - Not routinely performed in the clinical laboratory but is recommended by the WHO. - An integral part of assisted reproduction evaluations.

Kruger’s strict criteria

This structure causes the sperm head to bend backward

Long Neckpiece

At least ___ sperm should be evaluated and the percentage of abnormal sperm reported.

200

What are stained used in viewing the sperm specimen under oil immersion?

Wright's stwin, Giemsa stain, Papanicolaou stain

It is the thickest part of the tail because it is surrounded by a mitochondrial sheath that produces the energy required by the tail for motility.

Midpiece

It attaches the head to the tail and the midpiece.

Neckpiece

- Enzyme-containing located at the tip of the head. - Encompass approximately half of the head and covers approximately two thirds (2/3) of the sperm nucleus.

Acrosomal Cap

Approximate size of the oval shaped head of the normal sperm

5 m long and 3m wide

How long is the flagellar tail of normal sperm?

45 m long

Abnormal neck, Middle piece and tails affects what?

Motility

Poor ovum penetration is a char. of what abnormality

Abnormal head

Sperm morphology is evaluated with respect to what factors?

Structure of the head, Neckpiece, Midpiece, Tail

Comprehend!

• Provides objective determination of both sperm velocity and trajectory (direction of motion). • Specialize in andrology & perform a high volume of semen analysis.

Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA)

Grading of motility which indicates no movement

Grading of motility which indicates rapid, straight line movement

What is the normal sperm motility?

minimum motility of 50% with a rating of 2.0 after 1hr.

Lower than normal pH indicates what?

It can be assosicate with higher prostatic fluid

Higher than normal pH indicates what?

Infection within the reproductive system

What is the normal pH range of Seminal fluid?

Alkaline, range of 7.2 to 8.0

Possible cause of the disruption of spermatogenesis are:

Viral infection, Ezposure to toxic chemicals, Genetic disorders

What does greater than 1 million spermatids/ml indicates?

It indicates disruption of spermatogenesis

What does greater than 1 million WBCs/ml indicates?

It is associated with inflammation or infection of the reproductive organs that can lead to infertility.

What are the microscope used in Sperm Counting?

Phase or Brightfield microscope

Using the Neubauer hemocytometer, sperm are usually counted in the __________________________similar to a manual RBC count.

Four (4) corner and center squares of the large center square

The most commonly used dilution is _____ prepared using a mechanical (positive-displacement) pipette.

1:20

What is the traditional diluting fluid in Sperm counting?

Sodium bicarbonate, Formalin, however, good results can also be achieved using saline and distilled water.

True/False: The total sperm count for the ejaculate can be NOT calculated by multiplying the sperm concentration by the specimen volume. • (20 million per milliliter X 2 mL)

False

What is the normal sperm count of cell?

Greater than 40 milion/ejaculate

What is used in testing the sperm concentration?

Neubauer counting chamber

What is the borderline for Sperm concentration?

10 to 20 million/ml

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