Staphylococcus Part 2

MAHATHIR ALPHA · 55問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

What is the positive result for Voges-Proskauer (VP) test? (Diff test for S.aureus)

Pink color

What is the positive result of Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) test in the Differential test of S. aureus?

Clear/ colorless zone around the test organism

What is the culture medium for Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) test?

DNA-methyl green agar

It is used to identify pathogenic species of staphylococci that produces Dnase.

Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) test

It is resitant to antibiotics such as methicillin, nafcillin and oxacillin. This can be acquired after a prolonged stay in the hospital, close contact with individuals who are carriers of the organism, after effects of a broad spectrum of antibiotics treatments, and exposure to nasal secretions.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

What are the three types of MRSA?

Hospital-acquired (HA)MRSA, Community-acquired (CA)MRSA, Health care associated community-onset (HACO) MRSA

What is the positive result of Chromogenic test of MRSA?

Change in color of MRSA colonies within 24-48 hours using CHROM agar against colorless colonies of non- MRSA

True/False: MRSA can be controlled by proper isolation of the organism, rapid identification of the bacteria, hand hygiene, treatment of sources, and most importantly a strict compliance to infection control programs.

True

-They are coagulase-negative staphylococci - Do not produce exotoxins. - Thus, they do not cause food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome.

S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

It is a part of the normal flora of the skin and mucous membrane. And the cause of hospital-acquired infections. It is involved in indwelling catheters, prosthetic materials, shunts, surgery.

Staphylococcus epidermidis

It is a common cause of prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. And It also causes nosocomial bacteremia; sepsis in neonates peritonitis in patients with renal failure; cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.

Staphylococcus epidermidis

What are commonly used in treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTI?

Quinolones

Staphylococcus epidermidis is resistant to which antibiotic?

Methicillin

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to which antibiotic?

Novobiocin

It is commonly isolated from animals and their carcasses. And it is resistant to the antibiotic Novobiocin, a characteristic used in lab to distinguish it from S. epidermidis.

S. saprophyticus

Infections are almost always community acquired. It causes mainly UTI, particularly in sexually active young women. And It is the 2nd most common cause of UTI, after E. coli in young women accounting for 10-20%. It also causes soft tissue infections.

Staphylococus saprophyticus

It is CONS by tube method and can be confused with S.aureus if slide coagulase method is performed. It is more aggressive than the other CONS in terms of infectivity and it contains the mecA gene that codes for oxacillin resistance.

Staphylococcus lugdunensis

What codes for oxacillin resistance?

mecA gene

Related infections include infective endocarditis, meningitis, septicaemia, UTI, and skin and soft tissue infections

Staphylococcus lugdunensis

What are the Novobiocin susceptible CONS species?

S. epidermidis, S. capitis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. saccharolyticus, S. warneri

What are the Novobiocin resistant CoNS species?

S. saprophyticus, S. cohnii, S. kloosii, S. xylosus

What are the various method of Laboratory diagnosis for Staphylococci?

Gram stain, Culture media, Catalase test, Coagulase test, Mannitol fermentation test, Pyrrolidonyl arlamide (PYR) test, Voges-Proskauer(VP) test, B-lactamase test, Antimicrobial testing, Latex agglutination test

What are the media that can be used in the culture of Staphylococci?

BAP, MSA, PEA, CNA, BHI, thioglycollate, CHROM agar

This media is used for purulent exudates

Colistin-nalidixic agar (CNA)

This media is enriched with 5% sheep blood and is selective for Gram-positive bacteria.

Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA)

These two media are used for heavily contaminated specimens

Mannitol salt agar (MSA), Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA)

This media is a selective and differential media for the isolation of MRSA.

CHROM agar

True/False: CONS recovered from sterile sites and from sites associated with indwelling devices should NOT be considered potential pathogens

False

True/False: Staphylococci grow easily in routine culture media.

True

True/False: A low colony count for S. saprophyticus urine culture is considered significant.

True

It is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of H202 to water and oxygen. And it differentiates staphylococci (+) from streptococci (-).

Catalase test

What is the reagent used for Catalase test?

3% H2O2

What is the positive result for Catalase test?

Presence of bubble formation or effervescence

What is the positive result for Pyrrolidonyl arylamide (PYR) test?

Cherry red color

What is the negative result for Pyrrolidonyl arylamide (PYR) test?

No color change

What is the positive result for Mannitol fermentation test in the Laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococci?

Yellow halo around colonies

What is the positive result for Coagulase test?

Clot or coagulum formation

What is the reagent used for Coagulase test?

Rabbit plasma

It differentiate staphylococci by tube method.

Voges-Proskauer (VP) test

What is the positive result for Voges-Proskauer(VP) test? (Laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococci)

Deep pink

What are the types of tests under B-lactamase test?

Cephalosporinase test, Acidimetric method, Iodometric method

It is the most useful and most widely used B-lactamase test

Cephalosporinase test

What are the drugs used in Antimicrobial testing?

Methicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin

What are the culture media used in Antimicrobial testing?

Vancomycin agar screen plate, Oxacillin-screen plate, Cefoxitin disk diffusion, Double-disk diffusion test

It is used in detecting the clumping factor and protein A.

Latex agglutination test

It is used in identification of the mecA gene and gold standard for MRSA detection.

Molecular test

It differentiates S. aureus from S. intermedius

Voges-Proskauer (VP) test

This results in jet black colonies of Staphylococcus aureus

Tellurite glycine agar

What is the culture medium for Mannitol fermentation test?

Mannitol Salt Agar

What is the positive result for slide method?

Clot or coagulum formation within 30 seconds

It is the best single criterion of pathogenicity of Staph. aureus.

Coagulase test

What is the reagent used for coagulase test?

Rabbit plasma

It is an immunologically active substance that is found in the cell wall.

Protein A

It destroys the stratum granulosum and causes scalded-skin syndrome (SSS) or Ritter's disease.

Exfoliatin serotypes A and B (Superantigens)/ Epidermolytic toxins A and B

It destroys spingomycelin and RBC around nerves. It has enhanced haemolytic activity on incubation at 35 degree centigrade.

Beta-hemolysin

It is the predominant lysine that is produced by S.aureus. Destroys red blood cells, platelets, and macrophages, and causes severe tissue damage.

Alpha-hemolysin

It causes anemia and make iron available for microbial growth.

Hemolysin (Cytotoxin)

Examples of Enterotoxins

Enterotoxins A,B,C1,C2,D,E and G to J

What enterotoxins are responsible for food poisoning?

Enterotoxin A, B and D

It is also known as the Spreading-factor enzyme

Hyaluronidase

It lowers the viscosity of exudates giving the pathogen more mobility and destroys DNA.

Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) and phosphatase

It is produced by both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Essential for bacterial survival in sebaceous areas of the body and important in the formation of furuncles, carbuncles and boils.

Lipase (fat-splitting enzymes)

It causes fibrinolytic activities by dissolving fibrin clots.

Staphylokinase (Fibrinolysin)

It is a deep seated infection, originating from folliculitis (if infection extends from follicle to neighboring tissue). it causes redness, swelling and severe pain, and is commonly found in the neck, armpit and groin regions.

Furuncle/boils

It is an inflammation of hair follicles, a small red bump or pimple develops at infection sites of hair follicle.

Folliculitis

What are the related Infections and Diseases to S. aureus?

Toxic-induced cases, Bacteremia and sepsis, Urinary tract infection, Acute bacterial endocarditis, Cutaneous infections, Osteomyelitis, Septic arthritis (children), Food poisoning

Examples of Toxin induced cases

Scalded skin syndrome (SSS), Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

What is the temp required for the culture of S. aureus?

10-42°C. optimum is 37°C

It is the major protein component of the cell wall of S. aureus

Protein A

Staphylococci which have Commensal flora

S. hominis, S. capitis

Facultative anaerobic (can use either aerobic respiration and/or fermentation depending on the availability of oxygen, does not solely depend on aerobic respiration for growth).

Staphylococcus

Gram positive cocci in clusters, sometimes in pairs and short chains

Staphylococcus

Greek word 'Staphyle' means

Bunch of grapes

He was the first to cultivate in liquid medium in 1880

Louis Pasteur

What is the genus of the family Micrococceae?

Staphylococcus

What are the Virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?

Enterotoxins, Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1, Exfoliative Toxin, Cytolytic Toxins, Enzymes, Protein A

What are the Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci?

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus delphini, Staphylococcus lutrae, Staphylococcus agnetis, Some strains of Staphylococcus schleiferi

What are the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci?

Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus

True/False: MHA agar is used for antimicrobial testing.

True

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