記憶度
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1
It causes anemia and make iron available for microbial growth.
Hemolysin (Cytotoxin)
2
It is used in detecting the clumping factor and protein A.
Latex agglutination test
3
It is produced by both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Essential for bacterial survival in sebaceous areas of the body and important in the formation of furuncles, carbuncles and boils.
Lipase (fat-splitting enzymes)
4
What is the reagent used for coagulase test?
Rabbit plasma
5
This media is enriched with 5% sheep blood and is selective for Gram-positive bacteria.
Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA)
6
What is the negative result for Pyrrolidonyl arylamide (PYR) test?
No color change
7
It is also known as the Spreading-factor enzyme
Hyaluronidase
8
True/False: CONS recovered from sterile sites and from sites associated with indwelling devices should NOT be considered potential pathogens
False
9
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to which antibiotic?
Novobiocin
10
What are commonly used in treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTI?
Quinolones
11
He was the first to cultivate in liquid medium in 1880
Louis Pasteur
12
What is the temp required for the culture of S. aureus?
10-42°C. optimum is 37°C
13
What is the culture medium for Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) test?
DNA-methyl green agar
14
It lowers the viscosity of exudates giving the pathogen more mobility and destroys DNA.
Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) and phosphatase
15
What is the reagent used for Catalase test?
3% H2O2
16
-They are coagulase-negative staphylococci - Do not produce exotoxins. - Thus, they do not cause food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome.
S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
17
Infections are almost always community acquired. It causes mainly UTI, particularly in sexually active young women. And It is the 2nd most common cause of UTI, after E. coli in young women accounting for 10-20%. It also causes soft tissue infections.
Staphylococus saprophyticus
18
True/False: Staphylococci grow easily in routine culture media.
True
19
What are the Virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
Enterotoxins, Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1, Exfoliative Toxin, Cytolytic Toxins, Enzymes, Protein A
20
What is the positive result for Pyrrolidonyl arylamide (PYR) test?
Cherry red color
21
What is the positive result for Voges-Proskauer(VP) test? (Laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococci)
Deep pink
22
It is resitant to antibiotics such as methicillin, nafcillin and oxacillin. This can be acquired after a prolonged stay in the hospital, close contact with individuals who are carriers of the organism, after effects of a broad spectrum of antibiotics treatments, and exposure to nasal secretions.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
23
What are the Novobiocin susceptible CONS species?
S. epidermidis, S. capitis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. saccharolyticus, S. warneri
24
What are the three types of MRSA?
Hospital-acquired (HA)MRSA, Community-acquired (CA)MRSA, Health care associated community-onset (HACO) MRSA
25
It is CONS by tube method and can be confused with S.aureus if slide coagulase method is performed. It is more aggressive than the other CONS in terms of infectivity and it contains the mecA gene that codes for oxacillin resistance.
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
26
Staphylococcus epidermidis is resistant to which antibiotic?
Methicillin
27
Greek word 'Staphyle' means
Bunch of grapes
28
It destroys spingomycelin and RBC around nerves. It has enhanced haemolytic activity on incubation at 35 degree centigrade.
Beta-hemolysin
29
It is a deep seated infection, originating from folliculitis (if infection extends from follicle to neighboring tissue). it causes redness, swelling and severe pain, and is commonly found in the neck, armpit and groin regions.
Furuncle/boils
30
What are the types of tests under B-lactamase test?
Cephalosporinase test, Acidimetric method, Iodometric method
31
What is the culture medium for Mannitol fermentation test?
Mannitol Salt Agar
32
It is an inflammation of hair follicles, a small red bump or pimple develops at infection sites of hair follicle.
Folliculitis
33
It is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of H202 to water and oxygen. And it differentiates staphylococci (+) from streptococci (-).
Catalase test
34
What is the reagent used for Coagulase test?
Rabbit plasma
35
What enterotoxins are responsible for food poisoning?
Enterotoxin A, B and D
36
What is the positive result of Chromogenic test of MRSA?
Change in color of MRSA colonies within 24-48 hours using CHROM agar against colorless colonies of non- MRSA
37
Examples of Toxin induced cases
Scalded skin syndrome (SSS), Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
38
What are the drugs used in Antimicrobial testing?
Methicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin
39
This media is used for purulent exudates
Colistin-nalidixic agar (CNA)
40
It differentiates S. aureus from S. intermedius
Voges-Proskauer (VP) test
41
What are the Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci?
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus delphini, Staphylococcus lutrae, Staphylococcus agnetis, Some strains of Staphylococcus schleiferi
42
This results in jet black colonies of Staphylococcus aureus
Tellurite glycine agar
43
True/False: A low colony count for S. saprophyticus urine culture is considered significant.
True
44
What is the positive result of Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) test in the Differential test of S. aureus?
Clear/ colorless zone around the test organism
45
It causes fibrinolytic activities by dissolving fibrin clots.
Staphylokinase (Fibrinolysin)
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What is the positive result for Coagulase test?
Clot or coagulum formation
47
What is the positive result for slide method?
Clot or coagulum formation within 30 seconds
48
It is the predominant lysine that is produced by S.aureus. Destroys red blood cells, platelets, and macrophages, and causes severe tissue damage.
Alpha-hemolysin
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Facultative anaerobic (can use either aerobic respiration and/or fermentation depending on the availability of oxygen, does not solely depend on aerobic respiration for growth).
Staphylococcus
50
What are the culture media used in Antimicrobial testing?
Vancomycin agar screen plate, Oxacillin-screen plate , Cefoxitin disk diffusion, Double-disk diffusion test
51
It is commonly isolated from animals and their carcasses. And it is resistant to the antibiotic Novobiocin, a characteristic used in lab to distinguish it from S. epidermidis.
S. saprophyticus
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True/False: MHA agar is used for antimicrobial testing.
True
53
What are the Novobiocin resistant CoNS species?
S. saprophyticus, S. cohnii, S. kloosii, S. xylosus
54
These two media are used for heavily contaminated specimens
Mannitol salt agar (MSA), Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA)
55
It differentiate staphylococci by tube method.
Voges-Proskauer (VP) test
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Examples of Enterotoxins
Enterotoxins A,B,C1,C2,D,E and G to J
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It destroys the stratum granulosum and causes scalded-skin syndrome (SSS) or Ritter's disease.
Exfoliatin serotypes A and B (Superantigens)/ Epidermolytic toxins A and B
58
What are the media that can be used in the culture of Staphylococci?
BAP, MSA, PEA, CNA, BHI, thioglycollate, CHROM agar
59
What is the positive result for Mannitol fermentation test in the Laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococci?
Yellow halo around colonies
60
What codes for oxacillin resistance?
mecA gene
61
What are the related Infections and Diseases to S. aureus?
Toxic-induced cases, Bacteremia and sepsis, Urinary tract infection, Acute bacterial endocarditis, Cutaneous infections, Osteomyelitis, Septic arthritis (children), Food poisoning
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What are the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci?
Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus
63
It is a common cause of prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. And It also causes nosocomial bacteremia; sepsis in neonates peritonitis in patients with renal failure; cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
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What is the positive result for Catalase test?
Presence of bubble formation or effervescence
65
This media is a selective and differential media for the isolation of MRSA.
CHROM agar
66
True/False: MRSA can be controlled by proper isolation of the organism, rapid identification of the bacteria, hand hygiene, treatment of sources, and most importantly a strict compliance to infection control programs.
True
67
What are the various method of Laboratory diagnosis for Staphylococci?
Gram stain , Culture media, Catalase test, Coagulase test, Mannitol fermentation test, Pyrrolidonyl arlamide (PYR) test, Voges-Proskauer(VP) test, B-lactamase test, Antimicrobial testing, Latex agglutination test
68
What is the positive result for Voges-Proskauer (VP) test? (Diff test for S.aureus)
Pink color
69
Staphylococci which have Commensal flora
S. hominis, S. capitis
70
It is used in identification of the mecA gene and gold standard for MRSA detection.
Molecular test
71
It is used to identify pathogenic species of staphylococci that produces Dnase.
Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) test
72
What is the genus of the family Micrococceae?
Staphylococcus
73
Related infections include infective endocarditis, meningitis, septicaemia, UTI, and skin and soft tissue infections
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
74
It is an immunologically active substance that is found in the cell wall.
Protein A
75
It is the major protein component of the cell wall of S. aureus
Protein A
76
Gram positive cocci in clusters, sometimes in pairs and short chains
Staphylococcus
77
It is the best single criterion of pathogenicity of Staph. aureus.
Coagulase test
78
It is a part of the normal flora of the skin and mucous membrane. And the cause of hospital-acquired infections. It is involved in indwelling catheters, prosthetic materials, shunts, surgery.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
79
It is the most useful and most widely used B-lactamase test
Cephalosporinase test