TOPIC 2

通報

問題一覧

movement of molecules or their constituents

kinetic energy

The internal energy of kinetic energy then produces __________

thermal energy

Increase in temperature can lead to ________ in molecular motion

increase

______ in molecular motion will increase heat production resulting to a rise in temperature

increase

First law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another, transformation causes production of heat and is therefore considered to be thermal energy

Means of measuring or describing heat more specifically than is possible using the relative terms of hot and cold

temperature

TEMPERATURE SCALES

celsius, fahrenheit, kelvin, rankin

Heat is transferred from ______________ temperature until a state of equilibrium is reached

higher to lower

Heat transfer occurs through

radiation, convection, conduction, conversion, evaporation

Objects give off and take on thermal energy through the process of radiation

radiation

Energy emitted at infrared frequency travel from warmer substances and absorbed in cooler substances

radiation

Increase in infrared energy causes molecular motion in cooler object to increase thus leading to increase in heat

radiation

Infrared waves are trasmitted through space

radiation

PT modality using radiation

infrared lamps, ultraviolet radiation therapy

PT modality using conduction

paraffin wax, hot packs, cold packs

PT modality using convection

whirpool

PT modality using conversion

ultrasound

PT modality using evaporation

vapocoolant spray

Method of heat transfer from one place to another by successive molecular collisions

conduction

Heat transfer via this method is slow

conduction

PROCESS OF CONDUCTION

contact of 2 objects, rapid warm molecules collide with slow cool molecules, collision causes slow cool molecules to move faster, object temp increases

Method of heat transfer in which heated molecules move from one place to another

convection

This method is faster than conduction and occurs in liquids and gases

convection

Increase in energy input produces forceful collision = molecules travel farther after collision = temp rises and has less dense heated region

convection

Change of one type of energy to another

conversion

Characterized as conversion of mechanical, electrical or chemical energy into thermal energy (heat)

conversion

Heat transfer needs material to transmit the energy effectively

conversion

Absorption of energy as the result of conversion of a material from liquid to vapor

evaporation

Transmission gel, lotion, water

conversion

Depend on and vary with temperature

thermal properties of substances

Some energy is needed to change a substance from one form to another

state of substance

Liquid to solid

heat fusion

Solid to gas

heat of vaporization

Heat fusion and heat of vaporization

state of substance

Mass per unit of volume

density

Changes in density of a substance related to its temp

thermal expansion

Substance expansion increases when

temperature increases and density decreases

Used to represent the amount of heat input required to increase molecular motion and increase temp or the amount of energy released to reduce the motion

quantity of heat

Heat is measured in

calories or joules

Determined by specific heat capacity of the substance

quantity of heat

Determined by mass of the substance

quantity of heat

Determined by amount of temperature change desired

quantity of heat

Specific heat that is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1C

specific heat capacity

Ability of substance to conduct heat

thermal conductivity

Good conductors

metals

Moderate conductors

sand, stone

Poor conductors

woods, liquids, gases

Physiological effects of heat

enhances tissue healing, decrease pain, decrease muscle spasm, inc elasticity, dec fluid viscosity = inc jt mobility, vasodilation = inc blood flow

Physiological effects of cold

minimize secondary tissue damage, promotes vasoconstriction = dec blood flow, decrease edema, decrease pain, decrease spasticity

Heat optimal therapeutic window

40-45 deg celsius

Vasodilation

increase blood flow

Vasoconstriction

dec blood flow

Decrease pain

decrease nerve conduction velocity

Decrease spasticity

decrease muscle spindle activity

Most waves are either

longitudinal, transverse

Sound waves

longitudinal

Electromagnetic waves

transverse

Longitudinal

ultrasound

Electromagnetic waves

ultraviolet, infrared

Highest pt of wave

crest

Lowest pt of wave

trough

Height of one wave from rest

amplitude

Peak of one to identical peak of the next wave

wavelength

Number of oscillations per second (Hz)

frequency

All electromagnetic are transverse waves. They can all be reflected and refracted.

both true

Electromagnetic waves require a medium to travel through. They all obey the wave equation.

first false

Electromagnetic waves can be emitted or absorbed by matter. However, they cannot carry energy from one place to another.

first true

Electromagnetic wave FREQUENCY do not change as they pass from one medium to another. However, both their SPEED and WAVELENGTH will CHANGE.

both true

Electromagnetic wave are all of neutral charge as all of them oscillate with electric and magnetic field perpendicular to each other.

true

Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of ________ m/s in vacuum

3x10^8

Can cause serious illness due to their great penetrating ability

gamma ray

When used in controlled conditions, this is useful in cancer treatment

gamma ray

Diagnostic tool in dentistry and medicine

xray

Can examine bone and teeth

xray

Main source is sunlight which gives rise to suntan and sunburn

uv ray

Used in hospitals to sterilize the surgical instruments and operating rooms to kill microorganisms

uv ray

Also used to in PT modality to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema

uv ray

Can be detected by the naked eye

visible light

Has its own spectrum that consists of seven colors of light

visible light

Heat can be transferred through infrared radiation

infrared wave

Useful for medical treatment to warm injured muscles or sports injuries

infrared wave

Also used in PT modality to treat muscle denervation and promote healing

infrared wave

Used for radar communication and telephone communication

microwave

Used in PT modality through diathermy to promote warmth to a body part

microwave

Longest wavelengths and shortest frequencies

radio wave

Used in radio and tv comm, radar and satellite comm, and navigation of ships and aircrafts

radio wave

Occurs when an electromagnetic wave encounters a medium, which will not transmit it

law of reflection

Incident ray will be reflected back in the same plane

law of reflection

Angle between the incident ray and reflected ray will be the same

law of reflection

EM rays are transmitted from one medium to another medium, with an angle of incidence > 0

law of refraction

Rays with zero angle of incidence will go straight through the transmitting medium

law of refraction

Rays may be absorbed on surface to produce the effect

grothus draper law of absorption

Proportion of rays absorbed depend upon the wavelength of the rays, nature of medium, and tye angle of incidence

grothus draper law of absorption

Intensity of rays at surface varies with the cosine of the angle between the incident ray and the normal

lambert cosine law of absorption

When electromagnetic waves are produced from a point source

inverse square law

This states that the intensity of rays from a point source varies inversely with the square distance from that source

inverse square law

Rays produced from a point source diverge from one another

inverse square law

Redirection of rays

law of reflection

Infrared and uv lamps

law of reflection

100

Avoids danger of concentration of rays

law of reflection

ROM

Kyla Rafols · 71問 · 2年前

ROM

71問 • 2年前

Endocrinology

Kyla Rafols · 54問 · 2年前

Endocrinology

54問 • 2年前

IPC, Tilt table, Traction

Kyla Rafols · 5問 · 2年前

IPC, Tilt table, Traction

5問 • 2年前

OrgAd

Kyla Rafols · 88問 · 2年前

OrgAd

88問 • 2年前

org2

Kyla Rafols · 10問 · 2年前

org2

10問 • 2年前

History and Physical Exam

Kyla Rafols · 7問 · 2年前

History and Physical Exam

7問 • 2年前

2 OrgAd

Kyla Rafols · 100問 · 2年前

2 OrgAd

100問 • 2年前

2 OrgAd 2

Kyla Rafols · 6問 · 2年前

2 OrgAd 2

6問 • 2年前

Thorax

Kyla Rafols · 100問 · 2年前

Thorax

100問 • 2年前

Thorax 2

Kyla Rafols · 72問 · 2年前

Thorax 2

72問 • 2年前

Pecs

Kyla Rafols · 56問 · 2年前

Pecs

56問 • 2年前

Arm

Kyla Rafols · 100問 · 2年前

Arm

100問 • 2年前

Arm 2

Kyla Rafols · 20問 · 2年前

Arm 2

20問 • 2年前

FOREARM

Kyla Rafols · 83問 · 2年前

FOREARM

83問 • 2年前

WRIST AND HAND

Kyla Rafols · 98問 · 2年前

WRIST AND HAND

98問 • 2年前

WH joints

Kyla Rafols · 13問 · 2年前

WH joints

13問 • 2年前

ENTREP

Kyla Rafols · 49問 · 1年前

ENTREP

49問 • 1年前

kapoya org ad

Kyla Rafols · 43問 · 1年前

kapoya org ad

43問 • 1年前

OrgAd Space Planning

Kyla Rafols · 93問 · 1年前

OrgAd Space Planning

93問 • 1年前

Fiscal management

Kyla Rafols · 41問 · 1年前

Fiscal management

41問 • 1年前

Policies and Procedure

Kyla Rafols · 81問 · 1年前

Policies and Procedure

81問 • 1年前

Thigh

Thigh

THIGH2

Kyla Rafols · 5問 · 1年前

THIGH2

5問 • 1年前

LEG

Kyla Rafols · 80問 · 1年前

LEG

80問 • 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT

Kyla Rafols · 77問 · 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT

77問 • 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT 2

Kyla Rafols · 74問 · 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT 2

74問 • 1年前

Quality of assurance and productivity

Kyla Rafols · 64問 · 1年前

Quality of assurance and productivity

64問 • 1年前

HEAD AND NECK

Kyla Rafols · 78問 · 1年前

HEAD AND NECK

78問 • 1年前

HEALTHINFO PREFI

Kyla Rafols · 64問 · 1年前

HEALTHINFO PREFI

64問 • 1年前

Biomechanics

Kyla Rafols · 20問 · 1年前

Biomechanics

20問 • 1年前

INTRO

Kyla Rafols · 99問 · 1年前

INTRO

99問 • 1年前

INTRO 2

Kyla Rafols · 39問 · 1年前

INTRO 2

39問 • 1年前

STRETCHING

Kyla Rafols · 94問 · 1年前

STRETCHING

94問 • 1年前

STRETCHING 2

Kyla Rafols · 46問 · 1年前

STRETCHING 2

46問 • 1年前

TL2 IPE

Kyla Rafols · 50問 · 1年前

TL2 IPE

50問 • 1年前

JOINT STRUCTURE

Kyla Rafols · 108問 · 1年前

JOINT STRUCTURE

108問 • 1年前

JOINT STRUCTURE 2

Kyla Rafols · 93問 · 1年前

JOINT STRUCTURE 2

93問 • 1年前

PROTEOGLYCANS

Kyla Rafols · 31問 · 1年前

PROTEOGLYCANS

31問 • 1年前

Glycosaminoglycans

Kyla Rafols · 19問 · 1年前

Glycosaminoglycans

19問 • 1年前

JOINT MOB

Kyla Rafols · 80問 · 1年前

JOINT MOB

80問 • 1年前

PJM 2

Kyla Rafols · 27問 · 1年前

PJM 2

27問 • 1年前

Teaching in clinical settings

Kyla Rafols · 99問 · 1年前

Teaching in clinical settings

99問 • 1年前

Intro

Kyla Rafols · 68問 · 1年前

Intro

68問 • 1年前

STM

Kyla Rafols · 73問 · 1年前

STM

73問 • 1年前

MET

Kyla Rafols · 28問 · 1年前

MET

28問 • 1年前

Techniques for teaching students in clinical settings

Kyla Rafols · 97問 · 1年前

Techniques for teaching students in clinical settings

97問 • 1年前

ELBOW

ELBOW

ELBOW2

ELBOW2

RESISTANCE

RESISTANCE

RESISTANCE2

Kyla Rafols · 43問 · 1年前

RESISTANCE2

43問 • 1年前

Kyla Rafols · 95問 · 1年前

95問 • 1年前

WH2

Kyla Rafols · 96問 · 1年前

WH2

96問 • 1年前

WH3

Kyla Rafols · 19問 · 1年前

WH3

19問 • 1年前

WH4

Kyla Rafols · 25問 · 1年前

WH4

25問 • 1年前

WMGCT

Kyla Rafols · 76問 · 1年前

WMGCT

76問 • 1年前

uhm

Kyla Rafols · 226問 · 1年前

uhm

226問 • 1年前

PACKED POS & CAPSULAR PATTERN

Kyla Rafols · 60問 · 1年前

PACKED POS & CAPSULAR PATTERN

60問 • 1年前

CHEST WALL AND TMJ

Kyla Rafols · 128問 · 1年前

CHEST WALL AND TMJ

128問 • 1年前

Trunk and VC

Kyla Rafols · 99問 · 1年前

Trunk and VC

99問 • 1年前

topic6

Kyla Rafols · 95問 · 1年前

topic6

95問 • 1年前

VC2

VC2

vc3

Kyla Rafols · 29問 · 1年前

vc3

29問 • 1年前

VC LAB

Kyla Rafols · 34問 · 1年前

VC LAB

34問 • 1年前

TRUNKVCMERGED

Kyla Rafols · 228問 · 1年前

TRUNKVCMERGED

228問 • 1年前

HIP LAB

Kyla Rafols · 9問 · 1年前

HIP LAB

9問 • 1年前

CHEST

Kyla Rafols · 82問 · 1年前

CHEST

82問 • 1年前

CHESTBOOK

Kyla Rafols · 84問 · 1年前

CHESTBOOK

84問 • 1年前

AQUATICS

Kyla Rafols · 126問 · 1年前

AQUATICS

126問 • 1年前

topicidk

Kyla Rafols · 55問 · 1年前

topicidk

55問 • 1年前

AQUATICS 2

Kyla Rafols · 26問 · 1年前

AQUATICS 2

26問 • 1年前

AEROBICS

Kyla Rafols · 139問 · 1年前

AEROBICS

139問 • 1年前

AEROBICS2

Kyla Rafols · 49問 · 1年前

AEROBICS2

49問 • 1年前

METS

Kyla Rafols · 15問 · 1年前

METS

15問 • 1年前

KNEE

Kyla Rafols · 163問 · 1年前

KNEE

163問 • 1年前

KNEE2

Kyla Rafols · 62問 · 1年前

KNEE2

62問 • 1年前

HEALTH LITERACY

Kyla Rafols · 22問 · 1年前

HEALTH LITERACY

22問 • 1年前

IMPAIRED BALANCE

Kyla Rafols · 87問 · 1年前

IMPAIRED BALANCE

87問 • 1年前

IMPAIRED BALANCE 2

Kyla Rafols · 8問 · 1年前

IMPAIRED BALANCE 2

8問 • 1年前

WOMENS HEALTH

Kyla Rafols · 31問 · 1年前

WOMENS HEALTH

31問 • 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT

Kyla Rafols · 164問 · 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT

164問 • 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT 3

Kyla Rafols · 136問 · 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT 3

136問 • 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT 4

Kyla Rafols · 36問 · 1年前

ANKLE AND FOOT 4

36問 • 1年前

OSTEO AND ARTHRO AF

Kyla Rafols · 164問 · 1年前

OSTEO AND ARTHRO AF

164問 • 1年前

AF LAB

Kyla Rafols · 31問 · 1年前

AF LAB

31問 • 1年前

Kyla Rafols · 126問 · 1年前

126問 • 1年前

PG2

Kyla Rafols · 109問 · 1年前

PG2

109問 • 1年前

GAIT

Kyla Rafols · 29問 · 1年前

GAIT

29問 • 1年前

GAITLAB

Kyla Rafols · 8問 · 1年前

GAITLAB

8問 • 1年前

KAPOIII

Kyla Rafols · 8問 · 1年前

KAPOIII

8問 • 1年前

WOMENS HEALTH NUMBERS

Kyla Rafols · 13問 · 1年前

WOMENS HEALTH NUMBERS

13問 • 1年前

BRUNNSTROM

Kyla Rafols · 65問 · 1年前

BRUNNSTROM

65問 • 1年前

BOBATH

Kyla Rafols · 53問 · 1年前

BOBATH

53問 • 1年前

ROOD’S

Kyla Rafols · 87問 · 1年前

ROOD’S

87問 • 1年前

😔

Kyla Rafols · 35問 · 1年前

😔

35問 • 1年前