Turbulent flow

Measured as force per unit length

Horizontal movement with vertical forces of bouyancy eliminating or minimizing the need to support an extremity against gravity

Pascal’s law

An extremity that moves through the surface performs more work than if kept under water

Cleaning should be done at least

Careful consideration is warranted when recommending this

ASIS percentage of weight bearing immersion depths

Goal of aquatic exercise is to enhance delivery of manual techniques

Friction occuring between molecules of liquid resulting in the resistance to flow

Rate of temperature change is dependent on the mass and the specific heat of the object

Typically takes place with the patient suspended vertically in deep water pools without the feet touching the pool bottom

Integral component of many rehabilitation programs

Water conducts heat 25x faster than the air

Abnormal BP

Weightlessness

Equipment for swimming

Proportionality of depth and pressure allows patients to perform exercise more easily when closer to the surface

Increased with fully inflated lungs, decreased with deflated lungs

Chlorine and pH level tests should be done

Resistance to movement against the force of bouyancy

In addition to built in filtration systems; these units may include treadmills, adjustable currents, and varying water depths

Cholera

Cardiovascular training and aerobic exercise water temp

As the density of water and depth if immersion increase, so does hydrostatic pressure

Temp range of performing aquatic exercises

Therapeutic pools require regular care and cleaning to avoid

Small changes in air temp ate perceived more profoundly than small changes in water temp

Therapeutic interventions established in aquatic exercise

DRAG

Frequent use of pool increases the total organic carbon as well as ammonia and organic nitrogen found in the pool

Amount of hear required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1 celsius

Ringworm

The surface of a liquid acts as a membrane under tension

Controlled epilepsy

Studies have demonstrated that lower extremity demand is inversely related to the level of immersion during open chained strengthening

Molecules move parallel to each other

Slow

Alternative activitie smay be performed in midlevel water, 4 to 6 ft in depth

Patient’s impairments and the intervention goals determine the temperature selection

100 ft in length and 25 ft in width. Depth usually begins at 3-4 feet with a sloping bottom, progressing to 9 or 10 feet

Multiple sclerosis (>33 deg)

Manual stretching techniques

Entered via a door or one to two steps on the side of the unit

Reference point of an immersed objects on which bouyant (vertical) forces of fluid predictably act

May be safely initiated earlier in the rehabilitation program than traditional land strengthening exercises

Exercise at temps greater than 37 degrees celsius may be harmful if prolonged or maintained at high intensities

Moving water past the patient requires the patient to work harder to maintain his or her position in pool

As the speed of movement through water increases, resistance motion increases

Body composition and bone density

Goal of aquatic exercise is to provide four dimensional access to the patient

Heart disease

use of water that facilitates the application of established therapeutic interventions

Heat transfer decreases with velocity. A patient moving through the water loses body temperature faster than an immersed patient at rest.

Resistance from this is proportional to the velocity of movement through liquid

Mobility, flexibility and muscle relaxations

Cardiac failure

Patients may tolerate immersed stretching exercises better than labd stretching because of the effects of relaxation, soft tissue warming and ease of positioning

Using equipment at the surface of the water increases the resistance

Immersion alters the mechanics of passive motion

Temp beneficial for patients with acute painful musculoskeletal injuries because of the effects of relaxation, elevated pain threshold, and decreased muscle spasm

Jogging, swimming strokes, immersed cycling and immersed treadmill

Some mechanical exercises of this may also be performed in deep water

Laminar flow

The attraction of surface molecules is parallel to the surface

Tracheostomies

Vital capacity of less than 1 liter

Strengthening

Intense aerobic training water temp to minimize risk of heat illness

Upward force that works opposite to gravity

Water conducts temperature 25 times faster than air

Molecules do not move parallel to each other

3D access to patient

Differences in temperature between an immersed object and water equilibrate with minimal change in the temperature of the water

Pressure exerted by the water in immersed objects

Use of equipment generates resistance by increasing the total surface area moving through water by creating greater drag

An immersed body experiences upward thrust equal to the volume of liquid displaced

At temperatures greater than or equal ti 27 deg c, cardiac output increases significantly at rest alone. In waist deep water exercise at 37 deg c, thermal stimulus to increase the heart rate overcomes the centralization of peripheral blood flow due to hydrostatic pressure

CHF & type 2 DM

Center of bouyancy: in vertical position, the human center is located at the

Goal of aquatic exercise is to initiate functional activity replication

Compromised pump mechanism

Pts are unable to maintain adequate core warmth during immersed exercise at temps less than 35 degrees celsius

Typhoid

Self-stretching with aquatic equipment

Vertical forces that intersect the center of bouyancy create rotational motion

Hydrostatic pressure

Cumulative effects of turbulence and fluid viscosity acting on an object in motion

Water retains heat 1,000 times more than air

C7 percentage of weight bearing immersion depths

Faster

Usually smaller, self contained units

During unilateral manual resistance exercises, the patient revolves around the practitioner in a ____________ motion

Highter intensity exercises

Comprise the physical properties and characteristics of fluid in motion

Reducing joint compression, provide 3D resistance and dampening perceived paun

Patients bearing weight on the floor of the pool experience aspects of both the center of ______ and center of _______.

Specific heat

Increasing the speed of motion through water generates further drag

Tinea pedis