PG2

109問 • 1年前

Kyla Rafols

通報

問題一覧

Increases dorsiflexion, requiring plantarflexor activation to restore balance

forward sway

Deformation from uneven loads disrupts nutrient diffusion, increasing the risk of degeneration

cartilage

Characterized by hyperextension at the MTP jts with flexion at the PIP and DIP jts, leading to reduced BOS, increased instability and postural sway

claw toes

Restrictive footwear, muscle imbalances, neuromuscular disorders or plantar deficiencies

claw toes

Flexion at PIP jy with hyperextension at the MTP and DIP jts

hammer toes

Abnomral wt disribution causes painful callosities and altered biomechanics

hammer toes

Muscle imbalances, paralysis or improperly fittes foot wear

hammer toes

LOG shifts posteriorly requiring quads activation to counteract

flexed knee posture

LOG shifts anteriorly, overstretching posterior knee structures and increasing anterior compressive forces

hyperextended knee

Increases lumbar lordosis and compensatory kyphosis in thoracuc and cervical spines, compressing posterior lumbar discs and straining zygapophyseal jts

exc ant pelvic tilt

Tight hip flexors; weak abdominals and hamstrings

exc ant pelvic tilt

Leads to lumbar spine flattening, reducing shock absorption and load distribution capabilities

exc post pelvic tilt

Exaggerated thoracic curvature increases anterior vertebral stress and posterior tensioe forces

kyphosis

Dowager’s hump impairs respiratory function and exacerbates spinal loading

kyphosis

Excessive lumbar curvature increases shear forces and stresses anterior structures, predisposing to spondylolisthesis and lower back pain

lordosis

Anterior displacement increases cervical extensor workload and stress on posterior structures

fhp

Normal until age 6-7, correcting 5-7 deg in adulthood

genu valgum

Knock knees

genu valgum

Leads to abnormal stress on knee structures, patellar displacement, and associated foot pronation, tibial torsion and lumbar rotation

genu valgum

Bow legs

genu varum

Normal in infancy until age 3-4

genu varum

Vitamin D efficiency, renal rickets and epiphyseal injuries

genu varum

Medial cortical thickening and patellar displacement

genu varum

Scoliosis is lateral curvature of the spine with rotation and _______ plane changes

sagittal

Reversible with cause correction

Functional scoliosis

Involves bone or soft tissue changes, with concave growth asymmetry

structural scoliosis

Scoliosis: observation

<25 deg

Scoliosis: bracing

25-40 deg

Srugery may be needed

>40 deg

The body’s alignment is determined by the

line of gravity

Ariaes when the LOG deviates from the jt axis, creating a torque that the body must counteract

gravitational moment

Requires muscle activation and passive tissue tension to stabilize the position

gravitational moment

LOG is positioned closer to the jt axes, reducing gravitational moment and the required muscle activity

active erect sitting

LOG shifts forward, increasing rhe gravitational moment and demanding more muscle effort, particularly from the trunk muscles to maintain balance

slumped posture

This posture demands active muscle activation to maintain an upright position

active erect sitting

Higher energy expenditure

active erect sitting

LOG shifts forward in this posture, requiring less muscle activity

slumped posture

Increase interdiscal pressure and lead to long term disc degeneration if sustained

slumped posture

Back extensors relax, passive tissues bear the load

flexion relaxation

Particular muscles active in active erect sitting

multifidus, erector spinae, abdominals

Cessation of electrical activity in the back extensors during trunk flexion

flexion relaxation

Increase shear and tensile forces on the IV discs particulary the post and ant annuli

kyphotic sitting postures

Help maintain natural spinal curvature, reducing shear forces and distributing loads more evenly, thereby protecting spinal health

lordotic sitting postures

Prolonged flexed postures can lead to

disc degeneration

Studies show that active erect standing can result in higher interdiscal pressures compared to sitting.

false

Forces that devvelop where the bodg contracts the seat

seat interface pressures

Plays a crucial role in minimizing pressures

seat design

Refers to the compression of vertebrae due to gravitational forces

spinal shrinkage

Studies indicate that spinal shrinkage during standing is less than in sitting

false

Back rest angle

110-130 deg

Helps reduce lumbar interdiscal pressures

backrest

Can further reduce lumbar spine stress by redistributing the load and providing addtl support for the upper body

armrest

reduces muscle fatigue and pressure on the spine

dynamic chairs

Caused by high interface pressures that reduce blood flow to tissues leading to damage

pressure ulcers

Used to measure seat interface pressures, helps identify high risk areas

pressure mapping

Indicates blood supply

tissue perfusion

Individuals with low body mass or _____ are at higher risk due to increased seat interface pressures

paraplegia

Initially affect the layers if skin near epidermal tissue

superficial pressure sore

Initially affect subdermal tissue and originate in muscle underlying bony prominences

deep pressure sore

Systematic study of human locomotion that focuses on the mehanics of walking and running

gait

Vital in rehabilitation settings to assess functional mobility, identify impairments and guide therapeutic interventions

gait

Number of steps per minute, indicating walking speed and efficiency

cadence

Distance covered in one gait cycle, crucial for assessing walking efficiency

stride length

Timing and pattern of steps, indicating coordination and balance issues

rhythm

Lateral distance between the feet, indicating balance and stability

step width

Duration both feet are on the ground, providing insights into stability and balance

double support time

Measurement between opposite feet

step length

Distance measured by right heel strike to left heel strike

step length

Angle of foot with respect to the line of progression

fick angle

How many degrees is fick angle

7 deg

Lessens the angle of femur, lengthens the femur

pelvic rotation

Normal lateral pelvic shift

2.5-5 cm

Highest COG

midstance

Lowest COG

double limb support

Rate of displacement

walking speed

Vector rate of displacement

walking velocity

Rate of change of speed

acceleration

Normal walking speed

3 mph

Normal walking velocity

3mph with direction

Normal cadence

90-120

Purpose of gait analysis

assessment of function, intervention planning, effectiveness evaluation

Types of gait analysis

kinematic qualitative, kinematic quantitative, kinetic

Common gait analysis tools

6MWT, timed walk test, HiMAT, GaitRite system

Observational gait analysis

training and skills development, recording deviations, common observational tools

Factors affecting gait

muscle strength, joint rom, neurological conditions, assistive devices, environmental factors

Evaluates walking capacity, providing insights into functional status

assessment of function

Identifies specific gait deviations, helping thrapists plan targeted treatments

intervention planning

Assess the impact of interventions on gait performance

effectiveness evaluation

Visual assessments of gait patterns, such as symmetry and rhythm

kinematic qualitative

Precise measurements using technology

kinematic quantitative

Examins forces involved in gait, using force plates to measure GRF

kinetic

Assess functional ambulation and dynamic balance by measuring the distance walked in six mins

6MWT

Includes 5m, 10m, and 30m tests to measure walking speed and assess mobility

timed walk tests

Assess higher level mobility skills, used for TBI recovery

HiMAT

Computerized walkways system to measure spatial and temporal gait parameters

gaitrite system

Therapists must develop observational skills through practice and resources like the Rancho Los Amigos handbook

training and skills development

Structured forms track deviations, causes and clinical findings

recording deviations

Checklists and scoring systems standardize observations for consistency and reliability

common observational tools

Weakness in muscles leads to compensatory gait patterns, affecting overall mobility

muscle strength

100

Limited ROM in jts can hinder limb clearance and affect gait efficiency

joint rom

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FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY-MCQ

ayrika · 89問 · 1ヶ月前

FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY-MCQ

TDM

TDM

TDM

TDM

TOXINS

TOXINS

TOXINS

TOXINS

DRUG OF ABUSE

DRUG OF ABUSE

DRUG OF ABUSE

DRUG OF ABUSE

TOXICOLOGY

TOXICOLOGY

TOXICOLOGY

TOXICOLOGY

TOXICOLOGY

TOXICOLOGY

OTHER GLANDS

OTHER GLANDS

OTHER GLANDS

OTHER GLANDS

ADRENAL GLAND

ADRENAL GLAND

THYROID GLAND

THYROID GLAND

THYROID GLAND

THYROID GLAND

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問題一覧

Increases dorsiflexion, requiring plantarflexor activation to restore balance

forward sway

Deformation from uneven loads disrupts nutrient diffusion, increasing the risk of degeneration

cartilage

Characterized by hyperextension at the MTP jts with flexion at the PIP and DIP jts, leading to reduced BOS, increased instability and postural sway

claw toes

Restrictive footwear, muscle imbalances, neuromuscular disorders or plantar deficiencies

claw toes

Flexion at PIP jy with hyperextension at the MTP and DIP jts

hammer toes

Abnomral wt disribution causes painful callosities and altered biomechanics

hammer toes

Muscle imbalances, paralysis or improperly fittes foot wear

hammer toes

LOG shifts posteriorly requiring quads activation to counteract

flexed knee posture

LOG shifts anteriorly, overstretching posterior knee structures and increasing anterior compressive forces

hyperextended knee

Increases lumbar lordosis and compensatory kyphosis in thoracuc and cervical spines, compressing posterior lumbar discs and straining zygapophyseal jts

exc ant pelvic tilt

Tight hip flexors; weak abdominals and hamstrings

exc ant pelvic tilt

Leads to lumbar spine flattening, reducing shock absorption and load distribution capabilities

exc post pelvic tilt

Exaggerated thoracic curvature increases anterior vertebral stress and posterior tensioe forces

kyphosis

Dowager’s hump impairs respiratory function and exacerbates spinal loading

kyphosis

Excessive lumbar curvature increases shear forces and stresses anterior structures, predisposing to spondylolisthesis and lower back pain

lordosis

Anterior displacement increases cervical extensor workload and stress on posterior structures

fhp

Normal until age 6-7, correcting 5-7 deg in adulthood

genu valgum

Knock knees

genu valgum

Leads to abnormal stress on knee structures, patellar displacement, and associated foot pronation, tibial torsion and lumbar rotation

genu valgum

Bow legs

genu varum

Normal in infancy until age 3-4

genu varum

Vitamin D efficiency, renal rickets and epiphyseal injuries

genu varum

Medial cortical thickening and patellar displacement

genu varum

Scoliosis is lateral curvature of the spine with rotation and _______ plane changes

sagittal

Reversible with cause correction

Functional scoliosis

Involves bone or soft tissue changes, with concave growth asymmetry

structural scoliosis

Scoliosis: observation

<25 deg

Scoliosis: bracing

25-40 deg

Srugery may be needed

>40 deg

The body’s alignment is determined by the

line of gravity

Ariaes when the LOG deviates from the jt axis, creating a torque that the body must counteract

gravitational moment

Requires muscle activation and passive tissue tension to stabilize the position

gravitational moment

LOG is positioned closer to the jt axes, reducing gravitational moment and the required muscle activity

active erect sitting

LOG shifts forward, increasing rhe gravitational moment and demanding more muscle effort, particularly from the trunk muscles to maintain balance

slumped posture

This posture demands active muscle activation to maintain an upright position

active erect sitting

Higher energy expenditure

active erect sitting

LOG shifts forward in this posture, requiring less muscle activity

slumped posture

Increase interdiscal pressure and lead to long term disc degeneration if sustained

slumped posture

Back extensors relax, passive tissues bear the load

flexion relaxation

Particular muscles active in active erect sitting

multifidus, erector spinae, abdominals

Cessation of electrical activity in the back extensors during trunk flexion

flexion relaxation

Increase shear and tensile forces on the IV discs particulary the post and ant annuli

kyphotic sitting postures

Help maintain natural spinal curvature, reducing shear forces and distributing loads more evenly, thereby protecting spinal health

lordotic sitting postures

Prolonged flexed postures can lead to

disc degeneration

Studies show that active erect standing can result in higher interdiscal pressures compared to sitting.

false

Forces that devvelop where the bodg contracts the seat

seat interface pressures

Plays a crucial role in minimizing pressures

seat design

Refers to the compression of vertebrae due to gravitational forces

spinal shrinkage

Studies indicate that spinal shrinkage during standing is less than in sitting

false

Back rest angle

110-130 deg

Helps reduce lumbar interdiscal pressures

backrest

Can further reduce lumbar spine stress by redistributing the load and providing addtl support for the upper body

armrest

reduces muscle fatigue and pressure on the spine

dynamic chairs

Caused by high interface pressures that reduce blood flow to tissues leading to damage

pressure ulcers

Used to measure seat interface pressures, helps identify high risk areas

pressure mapping

Indicates blood supply

tissue perfusion

Individuals with low body mass or _____ are at higher risk due to increased seat interface pressures

paraplegia

Initially affect the layers if skin near epidermal tissue

superficial pressure sore

Initially affect subdermal tissue and originate in muscle underlying bony prominences

deep pressure sore

Systematic study of human locomotion that focuses on the mehanics of walking and running

gait

Vital in rehabilitation settings to assess functional mobility, identify impairments and guide therapeutic interventions

gait

Number of steps per minute, indicating walking speed and efficiency

cadence

Distance covered in one gait cycle, crucial for assessing walking efficiency

stride length

Timing and pattern of steps, indicating coordination and balance issues

rhythm

Lateral distance between the feet, indicating balance and stability

step width

Duration both feet are on the ground, providing insights into stability and balance

double support time

Measurement between opposite feet

step length

Distance measured by right heel strike to left heel strike

step length

Angle of foot with respect to the line of progression

fick angle

How many degrees is fick angle

7 deg

Lessens the angle of femur, lengthens the femur

pelvic rotation

Normal lateral pelvic shift

2.5-5 cm

Highest COG

midstance

Lowest COG

double limb support

Rate of displacement

walking speed

Vector rate of displacement

walking velocity

Rate of change of speed

acceleration

Normal walking speed

3 mph

Normal walking velocity

3mph with direction

Normal cadence

90-120

Purpose of gait analysis

assessment of function, intervention planning, effectiveness evaluation

Types of gait analysis

kinematic qualitative, kinematic quantitative, kinetic

Common gait analysis tools

6MWT, timed walk test, HiMAT, GaitRite system

Observational gait analysis

training and skills development, recording deviations, common observational tools

Factors affecting gait

muscle strength, joint rom, neurological conditions, assistive devices, environmental factors

Evaluates walking capacity, providing insights into functional status

assessment of function

Identifies specific gait deviations, helping thrapists plan targeted treatments

intervention planning

Assess the impact of interventions on gait performance

effectiveness evaluation

Visual assessments of gait patterns, such as symmetry and rhythm

kinematic qualitative

Precise measurements using technology

kinematic quantitative

Examins forces involved in gait, using force plates to measure GRF

kinetic

Assess functional ambulation and dynamic balance by measuring the distance walked in six mins

6MWT

Includes 5m, 10m, and 30m tests to measure walking speed and assess mobility

timed walk tests

Assess higher level mobility skills, used for TBI recovery

HiMAT

Computerized walkways system to measure spatial and temporal gait parameters

gaitrite system

Therapists must develop observational skills through practice and resources like the Rancho Los Amigos handbook

training and skills development

Structured forms track deviations, causes and clinical findings

recording deviations

Checklists and scoring systems standardize observations for consistency and reliability

common observational tools

Weakness in muscles leads to compensatory gait patterns, affecting overall mobility

muscle strength

100

Limited ROM in jts can hinder limb clearance and affect gait efficiency

joint rom