Increases dorsiflexion, requiring plantarflexor activation to restore balance

Deformation from uneven loads disrupts nutrient diffusion, increasing the risk of degeneration

Characterized by hyperextension at the MTP jts with flexion at the PIP and DIP jts, leading to reduced BOS, increased instability and postural sway

Restrictive footwear, muscle imbalances, neuromuscular disorders or plantar deficiencies

Flexion at PIP jy with hyperextension at the MTP and DIP jts

Abnomral wt disribution causes painful callosities and altered biomechanics

Muscle imbalances, paralysis or improperly fittes foot wear

LOG shifts posteriorly requiring quads activation to counteract

LOG shifts anteriorly, overstretching posterior knee structures and increasing anterior compressive forces

Increases lumbar lordosis and compensatory kyphosis in thoracuc and cervical spines, compressing posterior lumbar discs and straining zygapophyseal jts

Tight hip flexors; weak abdominals and hamstrings

Leads to lumbar spine flattening, reducing shock absorption and load distribution capabilities

Exaggerated thoracic curvature increases anterior vertebral stress and posterior tensioe forces

Dowager’s hump impairs respiratory function and exacerbates spinal loading

Excessive lumbar curvature increases shear forces and stresses anterior structures, predisposing to spondylolisthesis and lower back pain

Anterior displacement increases cervical extensor workload and stress on posterior structures

Normal until age 6-7, correcting 5-7 deg in adulthood

Knock knees

Leads to abnormal stress on knee structures, patellar displacement, and associated foot pronation, tibial torsion and lumbar rotation

Bow legs

Normal in infancy until age 3-4

Vitamin D efficiency, renal rickets and epiphyseal injuries

Medial cortical thickening and patellar displacement

Scoliosis is lateral curvature of the spine with rotation and _______ plane changes

Reversible with cause correction

Involves bone or soft tissue changes, with concave growth asymmetry

Scoliosis: observation

Scoliosis: bracing

Srugery may be needed

The body’s alignment is determined by the

Ariaes when the LOG deviates from the jt axis, creating a torque that the body must counteract

Requires muscle activation and passive tissue tension to stabilize the position

LOG is positioned closer to the jt axes, reducing gravitational moment and the required muscle activity

LOG shifts forward, increasing rhe gravitational moment and demanding more muscle effort, particularly from the trunk muscles to maintain balance

This posture demands active muscle activation to maintain an upright position

Higher energy expenditure

LOG shifts forward in this posture, requiring less muscle activity

Increase interdiscal pressure and lead to long term disc degeneration if sustained

Back extensors relax, passive tissues bear the load

Particular muscles active in active erect sitting

Cessation of electrical activity in the back extensors during trunk flexion

Increase shear and tensile forces on the IV discs particulary the post and ant annuli

Help maintain natural spinal curvature, reducing shear forces and distributing loads more evenly, thereby protecting spinal health

Prolonged flexed postures can lead to

Studies show that active erect standing can result in higher interdiscal pressures compared to sitting.

Forces that devvelop where the bodg contracts the seat

Plays a crucial role in minimizing pressures

Refers to the compression of vertebrae due to gravitational forces

Studies indicate that spinal shrinkage during standing is less than in sitting

Back rest angle

Helps reduce lumbar interdiscal pressures

Can further reduce lumbar spine stress by redistributing the load and providing addtl support for the upper body

reduces muscle fatigue and pressure on the spine

Caused by high interface pressures that reduce blood flow to tissues leading to damage

Used to measure seat interface pressures, helps identify high risk areas

Indicates blood supply

Individuals with low body mass or _____ are at higher risk due to increased seat interface pressures

Initially affect the layers if skin near epidermal tissue

Initially affect subdermal tissue and originate in muscle underlying bony prominences

Systematic study of human locomotion that focuses on the mehanics of walking and running

Vital in rehabilitation settings to assess functional mobility, identify impairments and guide therapeutic interventions

Number of steps per minute, indicating walking speed and efficiency

Distance covered in one gait cycle, crucial for assessing walking efficiency

Timing and pattern of steps, indicating coordination and balance issues

Lateral distance between the feet, indicating balance and stability

Duration both feet are on the ground, providing insights into stability and balance

Measurement between opposite feet

Distance measured by right heel strike to left heel strike

Angle of foot with respect to the line of progression

How many degrees is fick angle

Lessens the angle of femur, lengthens the femur

Normal lateral pelvic shift

Highest COG

Lowest COG

Rate of displacement

Vector rate of displacement

Rate of change of speed

Normal walking speed

Normal walking velocity

Normal cadence

Purpose of gait analysis

Types of gait analysis

Common gait analysis tools

Observational gait analysis

Factors affecting gait

Evaluates walking capacity, providing insights into functional status

Identifies specific gait deviations, helping thrapists plan targeted treatments

Assess the impact of interventions on gait performance

Visual assessments of gait patterns, such as symmetry and rhythm

Precise measurements using technology

Examins forces involved in gait, using force plates to measure GRF

Assess functional ambulation and dynamic balance by measuring the distance walked in six mins

Includes 5m, 10m, and 30m tests to measure walking speed and assess mobility

Assess higher level mobility skills, used for TBI recovery

Computerized walkways system to measure spatial and temporal gait parameters

Therapists must develop observational skills through practice and resources like the Rancho Los Amigos handbook

Structured forms track deviations, causes and clinical findings

Checklists and scoring systems standardize observations for consistency and reliability

Weakness in muscles leads to compensatory gait patterns, affecting overall mobility

Limited ROM in jts can hinder limb clearance and affect gait efficiency