Trunk and VC

通報

問題一覧

how many vertebras and IV disks?

33 vertebra, 23 IV disk

Regions of VC

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

How many sacrum

5 fused into 1

How many coccyx

4 fused into 1

Held the smallest functional unit in the spine

mobile segment

Any 2 adjacent vertebrae, intervening IV disk and all the soft tissues that secure them together

mobile segment

Cylindrically shaped vertebral body

anterior typical vertebrae

Irregularly shaped vertebral/neural arch

posterior typical vertebrae

Portion of the neural arch that lie anterior to the articular processes on either side and serve as the connection between the posterior elements & vertebral bodies

pedicle

Short, stout pillars with thick walls

pedicle

Increase in size from the cervical to lumbar region

Pedicle

Neural arch is divided into

pedicle, posterior elements

Centrally posterior elements

lamina

Region of the lamina wherein force transfers occurs, located between the superior and inferior articular process

pars interarticularis

Subjected to bending forces that are transmitted from the vertically oriented lamina to the more horizontally oriented pedicles

pars interarticularis

Pars interarticularis is most developed in what spine

lumbar

Block of trabecular bone covered by a layer of cortical bone

vertebral body

Vertical plate that constitutes the central portion of the arch posterior to the pedicles

lamina

Lateral projections of bone that originate from the lamina

TV process

Posterior projection of bone that originates from the central portion of the lamina, dividing into two

spinous process

Opening bordered by the posterior vertebral body and the nerual arch

vertebral foramen

Resist compressive loads

vertebral body

Transmit the bending forces from the posterior elements to the vertebral body

pedicle

Transmit the forces from the articulat, transverse and spinous process to the pedicle

lamina

Serve as muscle attachments and provide mechanical lever

TV process

Serve ad muscle attachment and provides mechanical lever; may also serve as a bony block to motion

spinous process

Combined with all segments, forms a passage and protection for the spinal cord

vertebral foramen

Separates two vertebral bodies

IV disk

Transmit load from one vertebral body to the next

IV disk

IV disk make up for 20-35% of tge length of the vertebral column

false

Ratio between the disc thickness abd vertebral body height determines the available motion

true

IV disc is composed of 3 parts

nucleus pulposus, annular fibrosus, vertebral end plate

70-90% water content depending on age and time of the day

nucleus puposus

60-70% water content depending on age and time of the day

annulos fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

15-20% collagen fibers, both type i and type ii collagen, type ii predominates

Annulos fibrosus

both type i and type ii collagen, type i predominates, 50-60% collagen fibers

Between the vertebral bodies

cartilaginous joints of IV disk

Interbody joints

cartilaginous joints of IV disk

Joints between the zygapophyseal facets located on the superior and inferior processes of one vertebra which articular with adjacent vertebra

synovial joints of IV disk

Connects anterior and lateral surfaces of the vertebral bodies from the sacrum to 2nd cervical vertebrae

ALL

Connects posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies from c2 to sacrum

PLL

Connects adjacent spinous process

ligament flavum

Connects adjacent spinous process along with supraspinous lig.

interpinous ligament

First to be damaged with excessive flexion

interspinous ligament

Connects the tips of spinous processes from c7 to l3 or l4

supraspinous ligament

Ligaments pass between the transverse processes and attach to the deep muscles of the back

intertransverse ligament

ALL stretched

extension

PLL stretched

flexion

ALL compressed

flexion or neutral

PLL compressed

extension

Ligamentum flavum stretched

flexion, neutral under constant pressure

Ligamentum flavum compressed

extension

Interspinous ligament stretched

flexion

Interspinous ligament compressed

extension

Supraspinous ligament stretched

flexion

Supraspinous ligament compressed

none

Extended when stretched

ALL

Flexed when stretched

PLL, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament

Neutral under constant tension when stretched

ligamentum flavum

Flexed when compressed

ALL

Alternately stretched and compressed during lateral flexion

intertransverse ligament

Extended when compressed

PLL, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament

compressed: neutral when normal height of the disc is reduced

ALL

C2 to occiput

anterior atlantoaxial, tectorial membrane

C1 and C2

posterior atlantoaxial, alar ligaments

Lower lumbar region

iliolumbar ligaments

Limits extension

anterior atlantoaxial

Limits forward flexion

tectorial membrane

Limits flexion

posterior atlantoaxial

Limit rotation of the head to the same side and lateral flexion to the opposite side

alar ligaments

Resists anterior sliding of the L5 and S1

iliolumbar ligaments

Extension of the ligamentum flavum from C2 to occiput

posterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital

Extension of the ligaments from c2 to the occiput

anterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital

Flexed when stretched

posterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital, tectorial membrane, ligamentum nuchae

Extended when compresed

posterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital, tectorial membrane

Extended when stretched

anterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital

Neutral position when stretched under constant tension

posterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital

compressed: neutral when the normal height of the disc is reduced

anterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital

Stretched across the ring of th atlas and divides the ring into a large posterior section for the spinal cord and a small anterior space for the dens

TV atlantal ligament

Has a thin layer of articular cartilage on its anterior surface for articulation with the dens

TV atlantal ligament

Its superior longitudinal band attaches to the occipital bone and its inferior longitudinal band attaches to posterior portion of the axis

TV atlantal ligament

Transver ligament and its longitudinal bands

atlanto cruciform ligament

Critical in maintaining stability at the C1/C2 segment

atlanto cruciform ligament

Dens would fracture before the ligament will tear

atlanto cruciform ligament

Limits anterior displacement of atlas

TV atlantal ligament

Prevents anterior displacement of C1 and C2

atlanto cruciform ligament

Help prevent distraction of C1 on C2

alar ligament

Specific to the cervical region

alar ligaments

Paired ligaments aris from the axis in either side of the dens and extend laterally and superiorly to attach to roughened areas on the medial sides of the occipital condyles and lateral masses of the atlas

alar ligaments

Connects the axis and occipital bone of the skull

apical ligament

Fan shaped arrangement from the apex of the dens to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum of the skull

apical ligament

Consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis

coupling

Kinematics of VC

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

Resist compression and transmit forces to laminae

spinous process

Transmits compressive forces to vertebral end plates

vertebral body

Transmit forces to laminae

zygapophyseal facets

Resist shear, compression, tensile and torsional forces

zygapophyseal facets

Resists compression forces to vertebral end plates and translates vertical compression forces into circumferential tensile forces in annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

Resist tensile, torsional, and shear forces

annulus fibrosus

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