Anterior tilting and gliding of the superior vertebra

Separation of spinous process

Widening of IV foramen

Posterior tilting and gliding of the superior vertebra

Spinous process move closer together

Narrowing of IV foramen

Superior vertebra laterally tilts, rotates and translates over the adjacent vertebra below

Spinous process separate on the side contralateral to the lateral flexion and move closer together on the ipsilateral

IV foramen widened on the side contralateral to the lateral flexion and narrowed on the ipsilateral

Available in each spinal region but is different in every region

During lateral flexion, the direction of rotation differs slightly from region to region because of orientation of the facets

Stretched interpinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum, PLL, posterior annulus fibrosus, back extensors, zygapophyseal joint capsule

Compressed anterior portion of the annulus fibrosus and bulges anteriorly

Stretched anterior portion of annulus fibrosus, anterior trunk muscles, ALL, zygapophyseal joint capsule

Compressed contact if the spinous processes, posterior portion of the annulus fibrosus and bulges posteriorly

Stretched annulus fibrosus, intertransverse ligament, anterior and posterior trunk muscles on the convexity of the curve

Compressed annulus fibrosus on the concavity

Vertebral column is subjected to axial compression, tension, bending, torsion and shear stress even at rest

Force acting through the long axis of the spine at right angles to the discs

Occurs a result of the force of gravity, ground reaction force and forces produced by the ligaments and muscular contractions

Causes both tension and compression on the structure of the spine

Tension in the structures opposite the direction if movement

Compression on the structures in the same direction of the movement

Bending tension

Bending compression

Cetated during axial rotation that occurs as a part of the coupled motions that take place in the spine

Risk of rupture if the disc fibers is increased when torsion, heavy axial compression and forward bending are combined

Act on the mid-planr of the disc

Tend to cause each vertebra to undergo translation

Creep

Torsional stiffness is similar in T2-T7

Torsional stiffness increases from

Torsional stiffness is provided by

Believed to be the most effective structure in the lumbar region to resist torsion

A material continuously deforms until equilibrium is reached

Upright position

Lying position

Upper cervical

Foramen transversarium

Spines are small and bifid

Body is small and broad from side to side

Vertebral foramen is large and triangular

Superior articular processes of cervical

Inferior articular processes of cervical

Other name for c7

Frequently described as a washer sitting between the occipital condyles and the axis

Cradle the occiput and transmits forces from the occiput to the lower cervical

Has no vertebral body or spinous process

Has a lateral mass on each side with articular surfaces in its upper and lower surface

Shaped like a ring

Transmit the combined load of the head and atlas to the remainder of the cervical spine and provide motion into axial rotation of the head and atlas

Anterior portion of the body extends inferiorly

Vertical projection arises from the superior surface of the body

Dens

Longest spinous process and the process is not bifid

Transverse process is large

Forameb transversarium is small and transmits the vertebral veins

Consist of the 2 concave superior zygapophyseal facets of the atlas articulating with the 2 convex occipital condyles of skull

True synovial joints with intra-articular fibroadipose meniscoids

Lie nearly in the horizontal plane

Composed of median and lateral joint

Between the dens and atlas

Between the superior zygapophyseal facets of the axis and the inferior zygapophyseal facets of atlas

Has an anterior articulation with anterior arch of the atlas

Has a posterior groove for articulation with the transverse ligament

Occipital condyles roll foward abd skide backward

Occipital condyles roll backward and slide forward

Primarily noddung movement between the head and atlas

Designed for mobility

Minimal available rotation and lateral flexion

Limited primarily by the joint capsules

Torsion, lateral flexion, flexion and rotation

55-58% of total cervical rot

Alar ligaments limit rotation

Lateral flexion and rotation are coupled motions

The remaining 40% of the cervical rotation is accomplished by C2-C7

In upper cervical segments, extension is coupled with contralateral rotation and vice versa

Lateral flexion and rotation are couples motions

Lower cervical segments generally favor lateral flexion

In general the range for flexion and extension increases from C2/C3 segment to the C5/C6 segment and decreases again at the C6/C7 segment

Bears less weight and is generally mobile

Discs are present in atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial articulation

Laminae of the atlas are large. The trabeculae show that the laminae of both the axis and C7 are heavily loaded

Body is medium size and heart shaped

Vertebral foramen is small and circular

Spines are long and inclined downward

Costal facets

Superior articular process facets of thoracic

Inferior articular process facets on thoracic

Costal facets are present on the transverse proceses for articulation with the head of the ribs

Inferior articular processes of T12 face laterally, as do those lumbar vertebra

Designed for mobility

Less mobile and more stable

In the upper thoracic region, flexion and extension are free while lateral flexion and rotation are limited

Subjected to increased compression forces in comparison with the cervical region

Body is large and kidney shaped

Pedicles are strong and directed backward

Laminae are thick

Vertebral foramina are triangular

TV processes are long and slender