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IMPAIRED BALANCE
87問 • 1年前
  • Kyla Rafols
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    Generic term to describe the dynamic process by which the body’s position is maintained in equilibrium

    balance

  • 2

    Balance is greatest when the BOS is over at the its COM or COG

    false

  • 3

    Body is either at rest or in a steady state motion

    equilibrium

  • 4

    Rest

    static equilibrium

  • 5

    Steady state motion

    dynamic equilibrium

  • 6

    Point that corresponds to the center of total body mass

    COM

  • 7

    Point in which body is in perfect equilibrium

    COM

  • 8

    Vertical projection of the COM to the ground

    COG

  • 9

    COG in adults

    slightly inferior to s2

  • 10

    Product of mass times velocity

    momentum

  • 11

    Perimeter of the contact area between the body and its support surface

    BOS

  • 12

    Altered by foot placement

    BOS

  • 13

    Relates to the velocity of the body along a straight path

    linear momentum

  • 14

    Relates to the rotational velocity of the body

    angular momentum

  • 15

    Refers to the sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing their BOS

    limits of stability

  • 16

    Contact between our bodies and the ground due to gravity is always accompanied by a reaction for it

    ground reaction force

  • 17

    Location of the vertical projection of the ground reaction force

    center of pressure

  • 18

    Equal and opposite to the weighted average of all the downward forces acting on the area in contact with the ground

    center of pressure

  • 19

    Balance control requires the interaction of the

    nervous system, musculoskeletal system, contextual effects

  • 20

    Nervous system provides the

    sensory processing for perception of body orientation in space, sensorimotor integration, motor strategies for planning, programming and executing balance responses

  • 21

    Musculoskeletal system contributes to

    postural alignment, ROM, joint integrity, muscle performance, sensation

  • 22

    Contextual effects

    environment, support surface, amount of lighting, effects of gravity and inertial forces, task characteristics

  • 23

    Predictable with no distractions

    closed environment

  • 24

    Unpredictable and with distractions

    open environment

  • 25

    Support surface

    firm vs slippery, stable vs unstable, type of shoes

  • 26

    Task characteristics

    well learned vs new, predictable vs unpredictable, single vs multiple tasks

  • 27

    Position of the head relative to the environment

    visual

  • 28

    Orientation of the head to maintain level gaze

    visual

  • 29

    Direction and speed of head movements

    visual

  • 30

    Position and motion of the body and body parts relative to each other and the support surface

    somatosensory

  • 31

    Dominant sensory inputs on firm, flat and fixed support surfaces are the muscle propioceptors, including

    muscle spindles and GTO, joint receptors, skin mechanoreceptors

  • 32

    Position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces

    vestibular

  • 33

    2 receptor areas of vestibular system

    semicircular canals, otoliths

  • 34

    Detects angular acceleration

    semicircular canals

  • 35

    Sensitive to fast head movements

    semicircular canals

  • 36

    Detects linear acceleration and head position

    otoliths

  • 37

    Responds to slow head movements

    otoliths

  • 38

    Uses motor pathways for postural control and coordination of eye and head movements

    vestibular

  • 39

    Brings about postural changes to compensate for tilts and movements of the body

    vestibulospinal reflex

  • 40

    Done via the vestibulospinal tract projections to antigravity muscles throughout the spinal cord

    vestibulospinal reflex

  • 41

    Stabilizes the vision during head and body movements

    vestibulo-ocular reflex

  • 42

    Done via projections from the vestibular nuclear to nucleu that innervate extraocular muscles

    vestibulo-ocular reflex

  • 43

    Fastest processing time for rapid responses to slowest

    somatosensory, visual, vestibular

  • 44

    Any inaccurate inputs from one system are suppressed by the CNS, and the sensory inputs from the other two systems are selected and combined

    sensory organization

  • 45

    Maintain stable antigravity position at rest

    static balance

  • 46

    Stabilize the body when the support surface or body is moving

    dynamic balance

  • 47

    Reactions to maintain balance in response to unexpected external perturbations

    automatic postural reactions

  • 48

    Utilized for movements that occur too fast to rely on sensory feedback

    feedforward

  • 49

    Involves activation of postural muscles in advance of performing skilled movements

    anticipatory

  • 50

    Utilized for precision movements that require sensory feedback

    closed loop

  • 51

    Reactive responses or for anticipatory aspects of postural control

    feedforward

  • 52

    Maintaining balance while sitting on a ball or standing on a balance beam

    closed loop

  • 53

    Three primary strategies used to recover balance in response to sudden perturbations of the supporting surface are called

    ankle, hip and stepping strategies

  • 54

    Functional coupling of groups of muscles, so they must act together as a unit

    synergy

  • 55

    This organization greatly simplifies the control demands of the CNS

    synergy

  • 56

    CNS uses three movement systems to regain balance after the body is perturbed

    reflex, automatic, voluntary

  • 57

    REFLEX

    spinal cord, external stimulus, fastest

  • 58

    AUTOMATIC

    external stimulus, brainstem/subcortical, intermediate

  • 59

    VOLUNTARY

    cortical, external stimulus or self stimulus, slowest

  • 60

    Localized to point of stimulus and highly sterotyped

    reflex

  • 61

    Coordinated among leg and trunk muscles

    automatic

  • 62

    Sterotypical but adaptable

    automatic

  • 63

    Coordinated and highly variable

    voluntary

  • 64

    Muscle force regulation

    reflex

  • 65

    Resist disturbances

    automatic

  • 66

    Generate purposeful movements

    voluntary

  • 67

    Musculoskeletal or neurological abnormalities

    reflex, automatic, voluntary

  • 68

    Prior experience

    automatic, voluntary

  • 69

    Configuration of support

    automatic

  • 70

    Conscious effort

    voluntary

  • 71

    Task complexity

    voluntary

  • 72

    In quiet stabce and during small perturbations, movements at the ankle act to restore a person’s COM to a stable position

    ankle strategy

  • 73

    Foward loss of balance muscle activation

    gastrocnemius, hamstrings, paraspinal

  • 74

    Backward loss muscle activation

    tibialis anterior, quadriceps, abdominal muscles

  • 75

    Utilized to control mediolateral perturbations involves shifting the body weight laterally from one leg to the other

    weight shift strategy

  • 76

    Hips are the key control points

    weight shift strategy

  • 77

    Moves the COM in a lateral plane primarily through activation of hip abductor and adductor muscles, with some contribution from ankle invertors and evertors

    weight shift strategy

  • 78

    Observed during balance tasks when person quickly lowers his or her body COM by flexing the knees, causing associated flexion of the ankles and hips

    suspension strategy

  • 79

    Can be combined with the ankle or the weight shift strategy to enhance the effectiveness of a balance movement

    suspension strategy

  • 80

    Rapid and large external perturbations or for movements executed with the COG near the limits of stability

    hip strategy

  • 81

    Uses rapid hip flexion or extension to move the COM within the BOS

    hip strategy

  • 82

    Forward body sway

    abdominals, quadriceps

  • 83

    Backward body sway

    paraspinals, hamstrings

  • 84

    If a large force displaces the COM beyond the limits of stability, a forward or backward step is used to enlarge the BOS and regain balance control

    stepping strategy

  • 85

    Uncoordinated step that follows a stumble is an example of

    stepping strategy

  • 86

    Can be caused by injury or disease to any structures involved in theee stages of information processing

    impaired balance

  • 87

    Deficits with aging and from medications

    impaired balance

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    Generic term to describe the dynamic process by which the body’s position is maintained in equilibrium

    balance

  • 2

    Balance is greatest when the BOS is over at the its COM or COG

    false

  • 3

    Body is either at rest or in a steady state motion

    equilibrium

  • 4

    Rest

    static equilibrium

  • 5

    Steady state motion

    dynamic equilibrium

  • 6

    Point that corresponds to the center of total body mass

    COM

  • 7

    Point in which body is in perfect equilibrium

    COM

  • 8

    Vertical projection of the COM to the ground

    COG

  • 9

    COG in adults

    slightly inferior to s2

  • 10

    Product of mass times velocity

    momentum

  • 11

    Perimeter of the contact area between the body and its support surface

    BOS

  • 12

    Altered by foot placement

    BOS

  • 13

    Relates to the velocity of the body along a straight path

    linear momentum

  • 14

    Relates to the rotational velocity of the body

    angular momentum

  • 15

    Refers to the sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing their BOS

    limits of stability

  • 16

    Contact between our bodies and the ground due to gravity is always accompanied by a reaction for it

    ground reaction force

  • 17

    Location of the vertical projection of the ground reaction force

    center of pressure

  • 18

    Equal and opposite to the weighted average of all the downward forces acting on the area in contact with the ground

    center of pressure

  • 19

    Balance control requires the interaction of the

    nervous system, musculoskeletal system, contextual effects

  • 20

    Nervous system provides the

    sensory processing for perception of body orientation in space, sensorimotor integration, motor strategies for planning, programming and executing balance responses

  • 21

    Musculoskeletal system contributes to

    postural alignment, ROM, joint integrity, muscle performance, sensation

  • 22

    Contextual effects

    environment, support surface, amount of lighting, effects of gravity and inertial forces, task characteristics

  • 23

    Predictable with no distractions

    closed environment

  • 24

    Unpredictable and with distractions

    open environment

  • 25

    Support surface

    firm vs slippery, stable vs unstable, type of shoes

  • 26

    Task characteristics

    well learned vs new, predictable vs unpredictable, single vs multiple tasks

  • 27

    Position of the head relative to the environment

    visual

  • 28

    Orientation of the head to maintain level gaze

    visual

  • 29

    Direction and speed of head movements

    visual

  • 30

    Position and motion of the body and body parts relative to each other and the support surface

    somatosensory

  • 31

    Dominant sensory inputs on firm, flat and fixed support surfaces are the muscle propioceptors, including

    muscle spindles and GTO, joint receptors, skin mechanoreceptors

  • 32

    Position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces

    vestibular

  • 33

    2 receptor areas of vestibular system

    semicircular canals, otoliths

  • 34

    Detects angular acceleration

    semicircular canals

  • 35

    Sensitive to fast head movements

    semicircular canals

  • 36

    Detects linear acceleration and head position

    otoliths

  • 37

    Responds to slow head movements

    otoliths

  • 38

    Uses motor pathways for postural control and coordination of eye and head movements

    vestibular

  • 39

    Brings about postural changes to compensate for tilts and movements of the body

    vestibulospinal reflex

  • 40

    Done via the vestibulospinal tract projections to antigravity muscles throughout the spinal cord

    vestibulospinal reflex

  • 41

    Stabilizes the vision during head and body movements

    vestibulo-ocular reflex

  • 42

    Done via projections from the vestibular nuclear to nucleu that innervate extraocular muscles

    vestibulo-ocular reflex

  • 43

    Fastest processing time for rapid responses to slowest

    somatosensory, visual, vestibular

  • 44

    Any inaccurate inputs from one system are suppressed by the CNS, and the sensory inputs from the other two systems are selected and combined

    sensory organization

  • 45

    Maintain stable antigravity position at rest

    static balance

  • 46

    Stabilize the body when the support surface or body is moving

    dynamic balance

  • 47

    Reactions to maintain balance in response to unexpected external perturbations

    automatic postural reactions

  • 48

    Utilized for movements that occur too fast to rely on sensory feedback

    feedforward

  • 49

    Involves activation of postural muscles in advance of performing skilled movements

    anticipatory

  • 50

    Utilized for precision movements that require sensory feedback

    closed loop

  • 51

    Reactive responses or for anticipatory aspects of postural control

    feedforward

  • 52

    Maintaining balance while sitting on a ball or standing on a balance beam

    closed loop

  • 53

    Three primary strategies used to recover balance in response to sudden perturbations of the supporting surface are called

    ankle, hip and stepping strategies

  • 54

    Functional coupling of groups of muscles, so they must act together as a unit

    synergy

  • 55

    This organization greatly simplifies the control demands of the CNS

    synergy

  • 56

    CNS uses three movement systems to regain balance after the body is perturbed

    reflex, automatic, voluntary

  • 57

    REFLEX

    spinal cord, external stimulus, fastest

  • 58

    AUTOMATIC

    external stimulus, brainstem/subcortical, intermediate

  • 59

    VOLUNTARY

    cortical, external stimulus or self stimulus, slowest

  • 60

    Localized to point of stimulus and highly sterotyped

    reflex

  • 61

    Coordinated among leg and trunk muscles

    automatic

  • 62

    Sterotypical but adaptable

    automatic

  • 63

    Coordinated and highly variable

    voluntary

  • 64

    Muscle force regulation

    reflex

  • 65

    Resist disturbances

    automatic

  • 66

    Generate purposeful movements

    voluntary

  • 67

    Musculoskeletal or neurological abnormalities

    reflex, automatic, voluntary

  • 68

    Prior experience

    automatic, voluntary

  • 69

    Configuration of support

    automatic

  • 70

    Conscious effort

    voluntary

  • 71

    Task complexity

    voluntary

  • 72

    In quiet stabce and during small perturbations, movements at the ankle act to restore a person’s COM to a stable position

    ankle strategy

  • 73

    Foward loss of balance muscle activation

    gastrocnemius, hamstrings, paraspinal

  • 74

    Backward loss muscle activation

    tibialis anterior, quadriceps, abdominal muscles

  • 75

    Utilized to control mediolateral perturbations involves shifting the body weight laterally from one leg to the other

    weight shift strategy

  • 76

    Hips are the key control points

    weight shift strategy

  • 77

    Moves the COM in a lateral plane primarily through activation of hip abductor and adductor muscles, with some contribution from ankle invertors and evertors

    weight shift strategy

  • 78

    Observed during balance tasks when person quickly lowers his or her body COM by flexing the knees, causing associated flexion of the ankles and hips

    suspension strategy

  • 79

    Can be combined with the ankle or the weight shift strategy to enhance the effectiveness of a balance movement

    suspension strategy

  • 80

    Rapid and large external perturbations or for movements executed with the COG near the limits of stability

    hip strategy

  • 81

    Uses rapid hip flexion or extension to move the COM within the BOS

    hip strategy

  • 82

    Forward body sway

    abdominals, quadriceps

  • 83

    Backward body sway

    paraspinals, hamstrings

  • 84

    If a large force displaces the COM beyond the limits of stability, a forward or backward step is used to enlarge the BOS and regain balance control

    stepping strategy

  • 85

    Uncoordinated step that follows a stumble is an example of

    stepping strategy

  • 86

    Can be caused by injury or disease to any structures involved in theee stages of information processing

    impaired balance

  • 87

    Deficits with aging and from medications

    impaired balance