Point of reaction of grf

Breathing and neurological disorders

Increase lordosis in lower lumbar region, increased kyphosis in lower thoracic region and usually a forward head

Alignment of body segments to minimize stress on jts, muscles and ligaments while efficiently countering gravitational forces

Alignment and orientation of body segments to maintain equilibrium and stability

Used for small perturbations

HST

Stabilize jts and maintain posture

Forces or movements that disrupt equilibrium, requiring corrective actions

LOG divides the body into symmetrical halves

Lateral curvature with fixed rotation of the vertebrae

BOS changes

Maintained by low level muscle activity and passive tension in ligaments and other connective tissue

Atlanto-occipital jt

pregnant women may also experience shoulder girdle______ and knee ______

Visual system, vestibular system and proprioceptive system

In_____ posture, the LoG aligns with GRFV

Multiple smaller, cautious steps

Posterior hip strat response

LOG should pass through or near key landmarks

Detects head movement and spatial orientation via the inner ear

Hinder environmental awareness and head positioning

Positions of joints and body segments and also in terms of the balance between the muscles crossing the joints

Im the body, the counterforce is either

Vertical line representing the direction of gravitational force

Most effective cushion thickness

Defining human trait, offering both advantages and challenges

In scoliosis, the rotation of the vertebral bodies is toward the _______ of the curve

Posterior ankle strat response

Anterior hip strat response

It encompasses static and dynamic postures, which interact with both internal and external forces

Lumbar

Places stress on the structures responsible for maintaining the body upright in posture

Reflects the GRFV’s point of application, which shifts with posture and movement

Head adjusts independently of trunk motion to maintain stability

In elderly, COG shifts posteriorly, and lumbar lordosis tends to increase

Reduced feedback impairs balance

Static posture

Thoracic

LOG and COP shift with movement

Z axis

Rotates joint of LE; opposed by muscles, if not = gait deviations

Anterior ankle strat response

Generated by muscle activity to counteract external moments and maintain stability

Where is COM located

Y axis

Stepping or grasping responses maintain COM over the BOS

Hip jt

Dynamic structures that maintain the body in a posture or move it from one posture to another

Habitual slouchung in flexion when sitting or standing

Causes minor COM shifts, countered by subtle muscular adjustments

Frontal plane

External forces

Increase in the lumbar lordosis, increase in anterior pelvic tilt and increase in hip flexion

More significant in dynamic tasks than static posture

Resists changes in motion

Cervical

Results in hip extension and shifting of thoracic segments posteriorly resulting in flexion of thorax on upper lumbar spine

Increased pelvic inclination to approximately 40 deg

Offers feedback from joints, muscles and skin about body position and movement

Upright posture usually involves a slight A-P swaying of the body of about _____, so the muscles are necessary to control the sway and maintain equilibrium

Natural oscillation in static standing

Compensatory actions in response to unexpected disturbances

Faulty postures increase muscular effort leading to fatigue and potential injury

Reflects the body’s ability to adjust and maintain COG over the BOS

Generated by muscles, ligaments, and other connective tissues to balance external forces

Knee jt

Fewer, larger corrective steps

Dynamic posture

Spinal curves increase with age, with more pronounced changes in males during adolescence

X axis

LOG passes near jt axes, minimizing torque and energy expenditure

CNS processes sensory inputs to generate appropriate postural adjustments

Causes dizziness and disorientation

Ankle jt

Anticipates body movements caused by shifts in the center of gravity

Result from LOG deviations from jt axes, creating torques

Used for larger perturbations

Constant downward force acting on the body

Ideal posture reduces snergy expenditure by minimizing gravitational moments

Depends on the integration of sensory inputs, CNS and musculoskeletal components

HSS

Can be attitudinal

Atrophy reduces stabilizing responses

Muscles activate proximally to distally

Characterized by a decrease in lumbosacral angle, decreased lumbar lordosis, hip extension and a posterior tilting of pelvis

Habitual poor posture leads to

Women may have a wider pelvis, affecting hip motion and stride width. Men typically have longer stride lengths when height and weight are considered

Muscles activate distally to proximally

Center of mass in children is lower

Impair anticipatory and reactive adjustments, increasing fall risk

Relative disposition of the body at any movement, is a composite of the posituon of the different joints of the body at that time

Altered outputs

Inert structures that support the body

Supplies the structural framework and strength for maintaining stability

Crucial for visual focus, orientation and balance

Sacroiliac jt

Absent or altered inputs

Small deviations are normal but large ones increase strain on structures and energy demands

Stabilizes forward backward motion