Joint function both depends on and affects

Human joints comprise living _______ that change their structure in response to changing environmental or functional demands

Basic cell of most connective tissues

It produces the extracellular matrix

The extracellular matrix contains mainly

Main substance of most connective tissues

Most abundant collagen type

Protein with carbohydrate attached

May blend with the joint capsules and appear as thickening in the capsule

Conmect one bone to another, usually at or near a joint

Often named descriptively according to their location, shape, bony attachments, and relationship to one another

Connect muscle to bone and transmit forces developed by the muscles to their bony attachments

The collagen fibrils of tenson form successively larger subunits, primary bundles known as

The diameter of fibers increase with age and with increased tensile loads, groups of fibers, enclosed by a loose connective sheath called ______, form a secondary bundle called a ________

Flat sacs of synovial membrane in which the inner sides of the sacs are separated by a fluid film

Found where moving structures are in tight approximation

Bursaes located between the skin and bone

Bursaes located between tendon and bone

Bursaes between muscle and bone

Contains mainly type 2 collagen and large amoungs of aggregating PGs

Forms the bonding cement in joints where little motion occurs, such as IV discs

Forms a relatively thin covering on the ends of the bones in synovial joins

It provides a smooth, resilient, low-friction surface that is capable of bearing and distributing weight over a person’s lifetime

Hardest of all connective tissues

In bone, the organic material gives bone its

In bones, the inorganic material gives bone its

Is dynamic and remodels throughout life as it responds to changes in the body during new activities

The change in bone shape to match function is known as

Homogenous materials display the same mechanical behavior ni matter the direction in which forces are applied and are called

Heterogenous connective tissue behave depending on the size and direction of applied forces and are called

Connective tissues are called ______ because they are composed of a mixture of solid and semisolid components

Refers to a force or forces applied to a structure

When a force acts on an object, it produces

A tensile load produces

A compressive force produces

Expressed in units

Expressed as a percentage and thus has no units

Ultimate stress is the stress ______ the material fails

Ultimate strain is the strain

A measure of the material’s stiffness

All connective tissues are viscoelastic materials

Refers to the material’s ability to return to its original length or shape after removal of a deforming load

Implies that length changes or deformations are directly proportional to the applied forces or loads

The elastic qualities in connective tissues primarily depend on _______ and _______ content and organization

Length remains constant while force stays the same

If a tissue is stretched to a fixed length while the force required to maintain this length is measured, the force needed will decrease over time

When the force and length of the tissues are measured as force is applied and removed, the resulting load-deformation curves do not follow the same path

Some energy is lost, usually as heat

Most tissues behave differently if loaded rapidly or slowly

Synarthroses

Diarthroses

Grouped into two divisions according to the type of connective tissue in the union of bone to bone: fibrous and cartilaginous joints

The material connecting the bony component in synarthroidal joint is

Fibrous jts found in the body

The ends of bony components are shaped so that the edges interlock or overlap one another

Joint in which the surfaces of bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole

Two bony components are joined directly by an interosseous ligament, a fibrous cord, or an aponeurotic membrane

These joints usually allow a small amount of motion

The function of this type of joint is to permit bone growth while also providing stability and allowing a small amount of mobility

Primary cartilaginous joint in which the material used to connect the two components is hyaline cartilage

Ends of the bony components are free to move in relation to one another

Bony components are indirectly connected to one another by means of a joint capsule that encloses the joint

Vary considerably in both thickness and composition

Helps to keep the joint surface lubricated and reduces friction

Provides nourishment for the hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces

Composition is similar to that of blood plasma

Has two or more types: Boundary and fluid-film

Shaped like a ring and another component is shaped so that it can rotate within the ring

Joint surfaces are shaped so that the concave surfaces of one bony component slides over the convex surfaces of another component in two directions

Adjacent surfaces may glide on one another or rotate with regard to one another in any plane

Distal end of the chain is free to move and one joint can move independently of others in the chain

When both proximal and distal ends of the chain remain fixed

Rotary movement of the bones in space during physiological joint motion

Movements of joint surfaces relative to one another

Rolling of one joint surface on another

Pure translatory motion

Gliding of one component over another

Any process or event that disturbs the normal function of a specific joint structure will start a chain of events that eventually affects every part of a joint and its surrounding tissues

Stretch usually at extremes of extension

Compression or changes in hydrostatic pressure and joint movement

Pressure, and forceful joint motion into extremes of motion

Non-noxious and noxious mechanical stress or biomechanical stress

Bone

If two externally applied forces are equal and act in a line toward each other

Tendon

If two externally applied forces are equal, parallel and applied in opposite direction but are not in line with one another

If two externally applied forces are equal and act along the same line and in an opposite direction

Yellow

Covering on the ends of the bones in the majority of the joints

Articular

Provides a smooth, resilient, low friction surface

White

If two are equal, parallel and opposite forces appied perpendicular to the axis of a structure