JOINT STRUCTURE 2

93問 • 1年前

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Joint function both depends on and affects

Structure, Composition

Human joints comprise living _______ that change their structure in response to changing environmental or functional demands

tissue

Basic cell of most connective tissues

Fibroblasts

It produces the extracellular matrix

Fibroblasts

The extracellular matrix contains mainly

Proteins, Water

Main substance of most connective tissues

Collagen

Most abundant collagen type

type 1

Protein with carbohydrate attached

Glycoprotein

May blend with the joint capsules and appear as thickening in the capsule

Ligaments

Conmect one bone to another, usually at or near a joint

Ligaments

Often named descriptively according to their location, shape, bony attachments, and relationship to one another

Ligaments

Connect muscle to bone and transmit forces developed by the muscles to their bony attachments

Tendons

The collagen fibrils of tenson form successively larger subunits, primary bundles known as

fibers

The diameter of fibers increase with age and with increased tensile loads, groups of fibers, enclosed by a loose connective sheath called ______, form a secondary bundle called a ________

endotendon, fascicle

Flat sacs of synovial membrane in which the inner sides of the sacs are separated by a fluid film

Bursae

Found where moving structures are in tight approximation

Bursae

Bursaes located between the skin and bone

Subcutaneous bursae

Bursaes located between tendon and bone

Subtendinous bursae

Bursaes between muscle and bone

Submuscular bursae

Contains mainly type 2 collagen and large amoungs of aggregating PGs

Cartilage

Forms the bonding cement in joints where little motion occurs, such as IV discs

Fibrocartilage

Forms a relatively thin covering on the ends of the bones in synovial joins

Hyaline cartilage

It provides a smooth, resilient, low-friction surface that is capable of bearing and distributing weight over a person’s lifetime

Hyaline cartilage

Hardest of all connective tissues

Bone

In bone, the organic material gives bone its

flexibility

In bones, the inorganic material gives bone its

compressive strength

Is dynamic and remodels throughout life as it responds to changes in the body during new activities

Bone

The change in bone shape to match function is known as

Wolff’s law

Homogenous materials display the same mechanical behavior ni matter the direction in which forces are applied and are called

isotropic

Heterogenous connective tissue behave depending on the size and direction of applied forces and are called

anisotropic

Connective tissues are called ______ because they are composed of a mixture of solid and semisolid components

heterogenous

Refers to a force or forces applied to a structure

load

When a force acts on an object, it produces

deformation

A tensile load produces

elongation

A compressive force produces

compression

Expressed in units

Stress

Expressed as a percentage and thus has no units

Strain

Ultimate stress is the stress ______ the material fails

before

Ultimate strain is the strain

at the same point

A measure of the material’s stiffness

modulus of elasticity

All connective tissues are viscoelastic materials

True

Refers to the material’s ability to return to its original length or shape after removal of a deforming load

Elasticity

Implies that length changes or deformations are directly proportional to the applied forces or loads

Elasticity

The elastic qualities in connective tissues primarily depend on _______ and _______ content and organization

collagen, elastin

Length remains constant while force stays the same

False

If a tissue is stretched to a fixed length while the force required to maintain this length is measured, the force needed will decrease over time

Stress-Relaxation

When the force and length of the tissues are measured as force is applied and removed, the resulting load-deformation curves do not follow the same path

Hysteresis

Some energy is lost, usually as heat

Hysteresis

Most tissues behave differently if loaded rapidly or slowly

Stress-rate sensitivity

Synarthroses

non-synovial

Diarthroses

synovial

Grouped into two divisions according to the type of connective tissue in the union of bone to bone: fibrous and cartilaginous joints

Synarthroses

The material connecting the bony component in synarthroidal joint is

interosseous connective tissue

Fibrous jts found in the body

Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmoses

The ends of bony components are shaped so that the edges interlock or overlap one another

Sutures

Joint in which the surfaces of bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole

Gomphoses

Two bony components are joined directly by an interosseous ligament, a fibrous cord, or an aponeurotic membrane

Syndesmoses

These joints usually allow a small amount of motion

Syndesmoses

The function of this type of joint is to permit bone growth while also providing stability and allowing a small amount of mobility

synchondrosis

Primary cartilaginous joint in which the material used to connect the two components is hyaline cartilage

synchondrosis

Ends of the bony components are free to move in relation to one another

Diarthroses

Bony components are indirectly connected to one another by means of a joint capsule that encloses the joint

Diarthroses

Vary considerably in both thickness and composition

Joint capsule

Helps to keep the joint surface lubricated and reduces friction

Synovial fluid

Provides nourishment for the hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces

Synovial fluid

Composition is similar to that of blood plasma

Synovial fluid

Has two or more types: Boundary and fluid-film

Joint lubrication

Shaped like a ring and another component is shaped so that it can rotate within the ring

pivot

Joint surfaces are shaped so that the concave surfaces of one bony component slides over the convex surfaces of another component in two directions

condyloid

Adjacent surfaces may glide on one another or rotate with regard to one another in any plane

plane

Distal end of the chain is free to move and one joint can move independently of others in the chain

open kinematic chain

When both proximal and distal ends of the chain remain fixed

closed kinematic chain

Rotary movement of the bones in space during physiological joint motion

Osteokinematics

Movements of joint surfaces relative to one another

Arthrokinematics

Rolling of one joint surface on another

roll

Pure translatory motion

sliding

Gliding of one component over another

sliding

Any process or event that disturbs the normal function of a specific joint structure will start a chain of events that eventually affects every part of a joint and its surrounding tissues

Immobilization

Stretch usually at extremes of extension

Ruffini

Compression or changes in hydrostatic pressure and joint movement

Pacini

Pressure, and forceful joint motion into extremes of motion

Golgi

Non-noxious and noxious mechanical stress or biomechanical stress

FNE

Bone

Zone IV

If two externally applied forces are equal and act in a line toward each other

compressive loading

Tendon

Zone I

If two externally applied forces are equal, parallel and applied in opposite direction but are not in line with one another

Shear loading

If two externally applied forces are equal and act along the same line and in an opposite direction

Tensile loading

Yellow

elastic

Covering on the ends of the bones in the majority of the joints

hyaline

Articular

hyaline

Provides a smooth, resilient, low friction surface

hyaline

White

fibrocartilage

If two are equal, parallel and opposite forces appied perpendicular to the axis of a structure

torsional loading

ROM

Kyla Rafols · 71問 · 2年前

ROM