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100問 • 1年前
  • Kyla Rafols
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    <5 deg

    Cubitus varus

  • 2

    >15 deg

    Cubitus valgus

  • 3

    -15 deg

    Gunstock deformity

  • 4

    Carrying angle is present during

    elbow extension, forearm supination

  • 5

    Carrying angle is absent during

    elbow flexion beyond 30 deg, forearm pronation

  • 6

    There is slight increase in the angle in the dominant arm compared to the nondominant arm

    True

  • 7

    Carrying angle increaes until around age 14 or 15, when epiphyseal ______ occurs, then decrease slightly but becomes more consistent after age ____

    closure, 15

  • 8

    Carrying angle is usually about _____ deg in full extension, with a range of ______

    15, 8-15

  • 9

    An increased carrying angle beyond the normal range, which may be abnormal, esp if unilateral

    Cubitus valgus

  • 10

    The carrying angle typically disappears when the forearm is supinated and flexed against the humerus

    True

  • 11

    The carrying angle disappears at flexion beyond 30 deg, as found by

    van roy

  • 12

    The configuration of the trochlear groove determines the pathway of the forearm during flexion and extension

    True

  • 13

    Trochlear groove common configuration: ulna is guided medially from extension to flexion, so in full flexion the forearm aligns with humerus

    True

  • 14

    Trochlear groove config: in extension, forearm moves _______ to a positional slightly ______ to the axis of the humerus

    laterally

  • 15

    Different configurations of the trochlear groove can lead to variations in the forearm’s path during flexion, causing it to rest either medially or laterally to the humerus in full flexion

    True

  • 16

    Factors affecting motion of elbow joint

    type of motion, forearm position, body mass index, shoulder position

  • 17

    Passive flexion typically has a smaller range than an active motion due to muscle bulk limiting approximation between the forearm and humerus

    False

  • 18

    Active flexion range

    135-145 deg

  • 19

    Passive flexion range

    150-160 deg

  • 20

    Flexion ROM is greater when the forearm is supinated compared to pronation or a neutral position

    True

  • 21

    Higher BMI may limit elbow ROM. Studies show an increase of 2-3 deg for each z-score increase in BMI

    First statement is true, second is false

  • 22

    Muscles crossing both the elbow and shoulder, such as the brachioradialis and brachialis, may restrict elbow motion when both jts attempt full ROM simultaneously

    False

  • 23

    Joint surface configuration, ligaments and joint capsule all contribute to limiting ROM while providing stability

    True

  • 24

    Closed pack position of humeroulnar jt

    full extension

  • 25

    Closed pack position humeroulnar jt:

    bony contact of olecranon process within olecranon fossa limits extension

  • 26

    Valgus resistance in closed pack position

    medial collateral ligament, bony components, anterior joint capsule

  • 27

    Varus resistance in close pack position

    bony structures, lateral collateral complex

  • 28

    In full extension, resistance to joint distraction is provided by soft tissue structures, particularly the

    anterior joint capsule

  • 29

    Limits the extremes of flexion

    coronoid process, radial head

  • 30

    At 90 degrees flexion, the anterior lart of the MCL provides primary resistance to both distraction and valgus stress

    True

  • 31

    Varus stress at 90 deg flexion

    osseous structures provide majority of resistance, LCL and joint capsule provide minor resistance

  • 32

    EMG

    electromyography

  • 33

    Used to monitor the electrical activity produced by the firing of motor units

    emg

  • 34

    Helps determine the relative proportion of motor units firing in a muscke during a specific contraction

    emg

  • 35

    EMG can identify muscle activation patterns of agonists and antagonsists

    True

  • 36

    Elbow flexors

    brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, pronator teres, wrist flexors

  • 37

    Tasks requiring stability

    uniarticular muscles>biarticular muscles

  • 38

    Uniarticular muscles

    brachialis, triceps medial head

  • 39

    Biarticular muscles

    triceps long head, biceps

  • 40

    Concave, located on the lat aspect of proximal ulna and mi ed with articular cartilage

    ulnar radial notch

  • 41

    Encircles the radial head, lined with articular cartilage and attaches to the radial notch’s anterior and posterior edges

    annular ligament

  • 42

    Connects to the ulna, capsule and collateral ligaments

    articular disc

  • 43

    Collagen-rich, mostly avascular and articulates with ulnar head and carpal bones

    articular disc

  • 44

    PRUJ ARTICULATING SURFACES

    ulnar radial notch, annular ligament, radial head, humeral capitulum

  • 45

    DRUJ ARTICULATING SURFACES

    ulnar radial notch , articular disc, ulnar head

  • 46

    PRUJ DISC SURFACES

    convex, articulates with ulnar head

  • 47

    DRUJ DISC SURFACES

    concave, articulates with carpal bones

  • 48

    PRUJ and DRUJ are mechanically linked, with motion in one joint affecting the other

    true

  • 49

    Joints surfaces of radioulnar is optimal in maximal pronation/supination, with minimal contact in neutral position

    false

  • 50

    Radius crosses over ulna

    pronation

  • 51

    Radial head spinning within annular ligament and radial notch

    pronation

  • 52

    Ulnar head rests against the palmar aspect of the ulnar notch

    supination

  • 53

    Subluxation/dislocation of the radial head from the annular ligament

    pulled elbow

  • 54

    Limits the spin of the radius

    quadrate ligament

  • 55

    Taut in supination

    oblique cord

  • 56

    Runs from ulna to radius

    oblique cord

  • 57

    Forms 4/5 of ring

    annular ligament

  • 58

    No direct attachment to the radius

    annular ligament

  • 59

    Attached to ulna and rotates around the radiak head and attaches back to the ulna

    annular ligament

  • 60

    Found anteriorly

    volar radioulnar ligament

  • 61

    Found posteriorly

    dorsal radioulnar ligament

  • 62

    2 divisions of radioulnar ligament

    volar, dorsal

  • 63

    Stabilizes the PRUJ and DRUJ

    interosseous membrane

  • 64

    Interosseous membrane structure

    central band, membranous portion, dorsal oblique cord

  • 65

    Encircles four-fifths of the radial head, covered with cartilage, blending with joint capsule and reinforced by LCL

    annular ligament

  • 66

    Connects the ulna’s radial notch to the neck of the radius, reinforcing the inferior joint capsule and limiting radial head spin during forearm rot

    quadrate ligament

  • 67

    Extends from below the ulna’s radial notch to the bicipital tuberosity of radius

    oblique cord

  • 68

    its function may be to prevent separation of the radius and ulna

    oblique cord

  • 69

    Thick, collagen rich, maintains spacing between radius and ulna during rotation

    central band

  • 70

    Thin, soft, adjacent to the central band

    membranous portion

  • 71

    Runs counter to central band, from the ulna to the middle radius

    dorsal oblique cord

  • 72

    Runs from the ulnar notch of the radius to the ulnar fovea and styloid process

    Dorsal and palmar radioulnar ligaments

  • 73

    Remains taut during rotation, preventing radial-ulnar separation and helps transfer wrist loads to the forearm

    central band

  • 74

    Primary muscles for pronation and supination

    pronator teres, pronator quadratus, biceps brachii, supinator

  • 75

    Anconeus may also assist in supination and pronation

    true

  • 76

    Ulnar head moves distally and dorsally

    pronation

  • 77

    Ulanr head moves proximally and medially

    supination

  • 78

    The axis of motion for pronation and supination is a longitudinal axis extending from the center of the radial head to the center of the ulnar head

    true

  • 79

    The motion of proximal ulna is less in magnitude compared to that of the radius and is opposite in direction

    false

  • 80

    Elbow injuries

    compression, distraction, varus or valgus, others

  • 81

    Pronator teres

    primary action at the radioulnar jts, also contributes to elbow flexuon due to its two jt nature, stabilizes the PRUJ by helping maintain contact between radial head and capitulum

  • 82

    Pronator quadratus

    one jt muscle unaffected by elbow position, active in both unresisted and resisted pronation, regardless of speed, deep head contributes to dynamic stabilization, maintaining compression at DRUJ

  • 83

    Supinator muscle acts alone during unresisted slow supination in any elbow or forearm position. But it cannot act alone during fast supination with the elbow extended

    First statement is true, second is false

  • 84

    Supination torque increaes as the forearm moves into pronation, peaking at about 20 deg of pronation

    true

  • 85

    Biceps brachii is involved during resisted supination or fast supination with the elbow flexed

    true

  • 86

    Maximum torque values for supinators are found in the ________ deg range of pronation

    40-50

  • 87

    Isometric testing shows that pronators are stronger than supinators, highlighting the functional distinctions between these muscle groups

    false

  • 88

    DRUJ stability muscular support

    pronator quadratus, ECU, ECRB

  • 89

    taut in pronation

    dorsal ligament

  • 90

    Taut in supination

    palmar ligament

  • 91

    Prevent separation of ulna and radius, allowing about 5 mm of movement before resisting distraction

    dorsal and palmar RU ligaments

  • 92

    Stabilizes the DRUJ, taut in pronation and loose in supination, protecting the ulnar head

    interosseous membrane

  • 93

    Cushions compressive forces from the carpal to the ulna and stabilizes the ulnar side, bearing strain based on FA position

    articular disc

  • 94

    Elbow stabilization muscles

    FCU, flexors, extensors

  • 95

    Elbow flexion ROM

    30-130 deg

  • 96

    Forearm rotation

    100 deg

  • 97

    The diarthrodial joint of the radioulnar system allows for pronation and supination, enhancing hand mobility but compromising stability. Muscles like the extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi ulnaris attach at the distal humerus, creating a functional link between the elbow, wrist, and hand.

    Both statements are true

  • 98

    Aging reduces pennation angles and fascicle lengths, leading up to 50% muscle function loss. Passive stretching can counter this by increasing fascicle length

    First statement is true, second is false

  • 99

    Older adults: less type 2 fibers, same type 1 fiber percentage

    false

  • 100

    Muscle mass and contraction tyoe influence performance loss, with isometric contractions being least affected

    true

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    Pecs

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    Arm

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    Arm 2

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    Kyla Rafols · 20問 · 1年前

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    FOREARM

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    Kyla Rafols · 83問 · 1年前

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    83問 • 1年前
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    WRIST AND HAND

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    <5 deg

    Cubitus varus

  • 2

    >15 deg

    Cubitus valgus

  • 3

    -15 deg

    Gunstock deformity

  • 4

    Carrying angle is present during

    elbow extension, forearm supination

  • 5

    Carrying angle is absent during

    elbow flexion beyond 30 deg, forearm pronation

  • 6

    There is slight increase in the angle in the dominant arm compared to the nondominant arm

    True

  • 7

    Carrying angle increaes until around age 14 or 15, when epiphyseal ______ occurs, then decrease slightly but becomes more consistent after age ____

    closure, 15

  • 8

    Carrying angle is usually about _____ deg in full extension, with a range of ______

    15, 8-15

  • 9

    An increased carrying angle beyond the normal range, which may be abnormal, esp if unilateral

    Cubitus valgus

  • 10

    The carrying angle typically disappears when the forearm is supinated and flexed against the humerus

    True

  • 11

    The carrying angle disappears at flexion beyond 30 deg, as found by

    van roy

  • 12

    The configuration of the trochlear groove determines the pathway of the forearm during flexion and extension

    True

  • 13

    Trochlear groove common configuration: ulna is guided medially from extension to flexion, so in full flexion the forearm aligns with humerus

    True

  • 14

    Trochlear groove config: in extension, forearm moves _______ to a positional slightly ______ to the axis of the humerus

    laterally

  • 15

    Different configurations of the trochlear groove can lead to variations in the forearm’s path during flexion, causing it to rest either medially or laterally to the humerus in full flexion

    True

  • 16

    Factors affecting motion of elbow joint

    type of motion, forearm position, body mass index, shoulder position

  • 17

    Passive flexion typically has a smaller range than an active motion due to muscle bulk limiting approximation between the forearm and humerus

    False

  • 18

    Active flexion range

    135-145 deg

  • 19

    Passive flexion range

    150-160 deg

  • 20

    Flexion ROM is greater when the forearm is supinated compared to pronation or a neutral position

    True

  • 21

    Higher BMI may limit elbow ROM. Studies show an increase of 2-3 deg for each z-score increase in BMI

    First statement is true, second is false

  • 22

    Muscles crossing both the elbow and shoulder, such as the brachioradialis and brachialis, may restrict elbow motion when both jts attempt full ROM simultaneously

    False

  • 23

    Joint surface configuration, ligaments and joint capsule all contribute to limiting ROM while providing stability

    True

  • 24

    Closed pack position of humeroulnar jt

    full extension

  • 25

    Closed pack position humeroulnar jt:

    bony contact of olecranon process within olecranon fossa limits extension

  • 26

    Valgus resistance in closed pack position

    medial collateral ligament, bony components, anterior joint capsule

  • 27

    Varus resistance in close pack position

    bony structures, lateral collateral complex

  • 28

    In full extension, resistance to joint distraction is provided by soft tissue structures, particularly the

    anterior joint capsule

  • 29

    Limits the extremes of flexion

    coronoid process, radial head

  • 30

    At 90 degrees flexion, the anterior lart of the MCL provides primary resistance to both distraction and valgus stress

    True

  • 31

    Varus stress at 90 deg flexion

    osseous structures provide majority of resistance, LCL and joint capsule provide minor resistance

  • 32

    EMG

    electromyography

  • 33

    Used to monitor the electrical activity produced by the firing of motor units

    emg

  • 34

    Helps determine the relative proportion of motor units firing in a muscke during a specific contraction

    emg

  • 35

    EMG can identify muscle activation patterns of agonists and antagonsists

    True

  • 36

    Elbow flexors

    brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, pronator teres, wrist flexors

  • 37

    Tasks requiring stability

    uniarticular muscles>biarticular muscles

  • 38

    Uniarticular muscles

    brachialis, triceps medial head

  • 39

    Biarticular muscles

    triceps long head, biceps

  • 40

    Concave, located on the lat aspect of proximal ulna and mi ed with articular cartilage

    ulnar radial notch

  • 41

    Encircles the radial head, lined with articular cartilage and attaches to the radial notch’s anterior and posterior edges

    annular ligament

  • 42

    Connects to the ulna, capsule and collateral ligaments

    articular disc

  • 43

    Collagen-rich, mostly avascular and articulates with ulnar head and carpal bones

    articular disc

  • 44

    PRUJ ARTICULATING SURFACES

    ulnar radial notch, annular ligament, radial head, humeral capitulum

  • 45

    DRUJ ARTICULATING SURFACES

    ulnar radial notch , articular disc, ulnar head

  • 46

    PRUJ DISC SURFACES

    convex, articulates with ulnar head

  • 47

    DRUJ DISC SURFACES

    concave, articulates with carpal bones

  • 48

    PRUJ and DRUJ are mechanically linked, with motion in one joint affecting the other

    true

  • 49

    Joints surfaces of radioulnar is optimal in maximal pronation/supination, with minimal contact in neutral position

    false

  • 50

    Radius crosses over ulna

    pronation

  • 51

    Radial head spinning within annular ligament and radial notch

    pronation

  • 52

    Ulnar head rests against the palmar aspect of the ulnar notch

    supination

  • 53

    Subluxation/dislocation of the radial head from the annular ligament

    pulled elbow

  • 54

    Limits the spin of the radius

    quadrate ligament

  • 55

    Taut in supination

    oblique cord

  • 56

    Runs from ulna to radius

    oblique cord

  • 57

    Forms 4/5 of ring

    annular ligament

  • 58

    No direct attachment to the radius

    annular ligament

  • 59

    Attached to ulna and rotates around the radiak head and attaches back to the ulna

    annular ligament

  • 60

    Found anteriorly

    volar radioulnar ligament

  • 61

    Found posteriorly

    dorsal radioulnar ligament

  • 62

    2 divisions of radioulnar ligament

    volar, dorsal

  • 63

    Stabilizes the PRUJ and DRUJ

    interosseous membrane

  • 64

    Interosseous membrane structure

    central band, membranous portion, dorsal oblique cord

  • 65

    Encircles four-fifths of the radial head, covered with cartilage, blending with joint capsule and reinforced by LCL

    annular ligament

  • 66

    Connects the ulna’s radial notch to the neck of the radius, reinforcing the inferior joint capsule and limiting radial head spin during forearm rot

    quadrate ligament

  • 67

    Extends from below the ulna’s radial notch to the bicipital tuberosity of radius

    oblique cord

  • 68

    its function may be to prevent separation of the radius and ulna

    oblique cord

  • 69

    Thick, collagen rich, maintains spacing between radius and ulna during rotation

    central band

  • 70

    Thin, soft, adjacent to the central band

    membranous portion

  • 71

    Runs counter to central band, from the ulna to the middle radius

    dorsal oblique cord

  • 72

    Runs from the ulnar notch of the radius to the ulnar fovea and styloid process

    Dorsal and palmar radioulnar ligaments

  • 73

    Remains taut during rotation, preventing radial-ulnar separation and helps transfer wrist loads to the forearm

    central band

  • 74

    Primary muscles for pronation and supination

    pronator teres, pronator quadratus, biceps brachii, supinator

  • 75

    Anconeus may also assist in supination and pronation

    true

  • 76

    Ulnar head moves distally and dorsally

    pronation

  • 77

    Ulanr head moves proximally and medially

    supination

  • 78

    The axis of motion for pronation and supination is a longitudinal axis extending from the center of the radial head to the center of the ulnar head

    true

  • 79

    The motion of proximal ulna is less in magnitude compared to that of the radius and is opposite in direction

    false

  • 80

    Elbow injuries

    compression, distraction, varus or valgus, others

  • 81

    Pronator teres

    primary action at the radioulnar jts, also contributes to elbow flexuon due to its two jt nature, stabilizes the PRUJ by helping maintain contact between radial head and capitulum

  • 82

    Pronator quadratus

    one jt muscle unaffected by elbow position, active in both unresisted and resisted pronation, regardless of speed, deep head contributes to dynamic stabilization, maintaining compression at DRUJ

  • 83

    Supinator muscle acts alone during unresisted slow supination in any elbow or forearm position. But it cannot act alone during fast supination with the elbow extended

    First statement is true, second is false

  • 84

    Supination torque increaes as the forearm moves into pronation, peaking at about 20 deg of pronation

    true

  • 85

    Biceps brachii is involved during resisted supination or fast supination with the elbow flexed

    true

  • 86

    Maximum torque values for supinators are found in the ________ deg range of pronation

    40-50

  • 87

    Isometric testing shows that pronators are stronger than supinators, highlighting the functional distinctions between these muscle groups

    false

  • 88

    DRUJ stability muscular support

    pronator quadratus, ECU, ECRB

  • 89

    taut in pronation

    dorsal ligament

  • 90

    Taut in supination

    palmar ligament

  • 91

    Prevent separation of ulna and radius, allowing about 5 mm of movement before resisting distraction

    dorsal and palmar RU ligaments

  • 92

    Stabilizes the DRUJ, taut in pronation and loose in supination, protecting the ulnar head

    interosseous membrane

  • 93

    Cushions compressive forces from the carpal to the ulna and stabilizes the ulnar side, bearing strain based on FA position

    articular disc

  • 94

    Elbow stabilization muscles

    FCU, flexors, extensors

  • 95

    Elbow flexion ROM

    30-130 deg

  • 96

    Forearm rotation

    100 deg

  • 97

    The diarthrodial joint of the radioulnar system allows for pronation and supination, enhancing hand mobility but compromising stability. Muscles like the extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi ulnaris attach at the distal humerus, creating a functional link between the elbow, wrist, and hand.

    Both statements are true

  • 98

    Aging reduces pennation angles and fascicle lengths, leading up to 50% muscle function loss. Passive stretching can counter this by increasing fascicle length

    First statement is true, second is false

  • 99

    Older adults: less type 2 fibers, same type 1 fiber percentage

    false

  • 100

    Muscle mass and contraction tyoe influence performance loss, with isometric contractions being least affected

    true