Permanent pronation of the foot where body weight depresses the medial longitudinal and transverse arches

Lies between gastrocnemius and soleus

High medial longitudinal arch as a tesult of calcaneal inversion

In foot loading, what protects the calcaneus and fascia and then soft tissue deflect forces from the bones

Proximal attachments partially adhere to the capsule of the knee joint

Dynamically supports the foot arches because of its extensive attachments at the foot

Serves as a tie rod which acts as a truss to further support the arches and prevent displacement of the calcaneus and metatarsal heads in weight bearing

Extensor retinaculum

Tendon passes over the dorsum of the ankle and laterally to ta tendon

Can either be congenital or acquired

Also and inverter of foot, and controls the descent of the longitudinal arch as the foot makes contact to the ground

Transverse arch

Muscles are difficult to palpate because of the thick plantar fascia and are separated into 4 layers

Pronation causes tibial lateral rotation, knee varus, femoral adduction and lateral rotation of femur and hip extension

Supports the medial longitudinal arch and is active during the last part of stance phase

The three arches, bony structures, dynamic ligament-fascial support and static muscle contraction provide the foot with the ability to change the foot between a flexible and rigid structure

Triceps suras muscles

Act more as a group and are used to provide stability or balance and for providing support and assistance to the foot during activities

Found medially in calf

Average force exerted by triceps surae is ______x the body weight, which gradually increase _____ at age ___

Absent in some individuals

An isolated _____ ______ creates strong eversion of the ankle

First mt absorbs twice the weight that each remaining mt receives

Anterior muscle group is separated from the lateral group via

Lateral deviation of the great toe at the MTP jt accompanied with bursitis on the medial side of the toe joint

The arches distribute weight to different parts of the body posteriorly

Muscular support of lateral longitudinal arch

How many percent of total torque in plantarflexion for triceps surae

Excessive forces on the medial great toe causes hallux vagus

Nearly covered by the pl, but can be felt separately from the longus in the lower leg

TP is the most active inverter during what phase

Calcaneus moves freely in all planes

Serve important roles in CKC activities

Club foot

Medial longitudinal arch muscular support

Weakness of tp

Located under the soleus on the lateral calf

Muscular support for all arches

Layer 4

Comprises the major bulk of calf muscles

There is a great variation in weight distribution on the structures of the foot between populations

Function of foot arches

Upper portion is covered by ta and edl

MTP jt are usually hyperextended, causing PIP jts to hyperflex and DIP jts to either hyperextend or remain neutral

Lateral longitudinal arch bones

Contributes to the roundness of the leg anteriorly

Smelly feet is caused by

DEEP POSTERIOR MUSCLES

The foot pushes off from medial part of the foot, causing repetitive forces applied to the medial border

Loading during weight bearing activities

Deepest calf muscle close to the interosseous membrane and covered by the triceps surae

Stabilized the first TMT jt to counteract the lateral pull of ta

Tom dick and very nervous harry

Produces the most movement in supination/pronation

ANTERIOR MUSCLES

Further supports the longitudinal arch when the MTP jts are hyperextended

SF POSTERIOR MUSCLES

In the leg, it crosses over the tp so its tendon lies behind the tp tendon at the malleolus

Prevents toe drag

Proximally has a central position between the fdl medially and fhl laterally, distally takes a more medial course

Creates a rigid structure

Pronation of the foot causes IR of the tibia, valgus of knee, IR of femur and hip flexion

Lateral muscles

Weakness of the ta and extensors result to

Medial head is larger than lateral head of gastrocnemius

2x Larger cross sectional area

Can be palpated through its entire length; becomes tendinous well above the ankle joint

Assists their extrinsic counterparts in toe extension

In terms of location, appears as a direct continuation of the biceps femoris

Superficial and sits between the peroneal muscles laterally

Layer 1

Most active during the last half of the stance phase

While the talocrural and subtalar jts are interrelated, pronation and supination occurs at the _______ joint and also involve the relationship of the talus and calcaneus

Responsible for plantarflexion

Serve as postural muscle

As it enters the plantar surface of the foot, it follows a groove that runs anteriorly and medially

Transverse tarsal joints are locked into position in ______; can move either supination/pronation during pronation of the rearfoot to accommodate irregular surfaces

Foot deformities causes

At the foot, the tendon passes between two sesampid bones of the first MTP

Difficult to delineate one from the other in their upper portions

Muscles act simultaneously on the ankle and subtalar joints

Required to provide additional support

Commonly caused by pes planus

Pretibial muscles

Usually rigid and congenital nature

serves as the main everters of the subtalar joint at any position of the ankle

Each tendon perforates the corresponding tendon of the short toe flexors

Transverse arch muscular support

Layer 2

Extensor muscles are not effective in producing dorsiflexion. That is why, when ta is weak, there will be no muscles that can compensate for dorsiflexion

The arches distribute weight ro different parts of the body anteriorly

Keep the foot dorsiflexed during the swing phase of gait

Metatarsals are curved, with the ______ in the _____ aspect, which allows acceptance of larger forces

Assists in turning the foot into a rigid lever for propulsion

Most lateral to the edl

Dorsum

Has higher proportion of fatigue resistant slow twitch muscle fibers

Also classified as plantarflexors but offers poor leverage

Extends from calcaneal tuberosity to the toes

One of the most important joints in supination/pronation