ANKLE AND FOOT

通報

問題一覧

The ankle and foot is composed of how many bones, joints and muscles

26 bones, 34 joints, over 100 muscles

Leg bones

tibia, fibula

Bears 90% of the body weight

tibia

Tibia is palpated distally and proximally where?

tibial tuberosity proximally, anterior ridge or shin distally

What is the most distal aspect of tibia

medial malleolus

Tibial shaft is rotated medially in the transverse plane as it runs distally

false

Normal amount of tibial rotation

15-40 deg

Lateral aspect has a triangular shaped concavity where the fibula sits

tibia

The plafond is a saddle shaped structure found on the superior surface of tibia

false

Plafond

convex medially to laterally, concave anteriorly to posteriorly

Primarily a site for muscle attachment

fibula

Distal end of the fibula

lateral malleolus

Lateral malleolus projects proximally than medial malleolus which causes more restriction in medial motion than lateral motion. Lateral malleolus lies more posterior than medial malleolus

first false, second true

Proximal aspect of the convex lateral malleolus wedged within fibular notch of lateral distal tibia

true

Distal aspect of medial side of lateral malleolus articulates with

talus

Comprise the rearfoot and midfoot

tarsal bones

Arches of the foot

medial, lateral, transverse

All body weight is transferred through this bone in single limb weight bearing

talus

Talus has no muscle attachments. More than half of its surface is covered with articular cartilage

both true

Superior articulation of talus

inferior tibia

Inferior articulation of talus

facets of calcaneus

Lateral articulation of talus

lateral malleolus

Medial articulation of talus

medial malleolus

Anterior articulation of talus

navicular

Channel that runs between the articulations of talus and calcaneus

sinus tarsi

Dome of talus

convex anteriorly to posteriorly, concave medially to laterally

The dome of the talus is wider anteriorly. Anterior aspect may be palpated by passively moving the ankle in dorsiflexion.

first true, second false

Talus can be palpated between

navicular tuberosity, distal end of medial malleolus

Neck of talus may become prominent in what action

inversion

Medial talus can be palpated with

eversion

Medial tubercle of talus can be palpated immediately posterior to the distao end of the medial malleolus

true

Largest and strongest of the tarsal bones

calcaneus

Tarsal bones

talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid

Orientation of calcaneus in regards with talus; how does calcaneus articulate with talus

inferior, three facets

First bone which ground reaction forces are imparted in walking

calcaneus

Middle section of the bone has a medial extension called the sustentaculum tali

calcaneus

Protected by thick pad lies between the bone and skin

calcaneus

Horizontal sheld on which the interior medial aspect of talus is supported

sustentaculum tali

Forms the middle facet of the talocrural joint

sustentaculum tali

Palpated just distal to the tip of the medial malleolus

sustentaculum tali

Calcaneus articulates with cuboid

anteriorly

Medial and lateral tubercles serve as insertion sites for plantar fascia and intrinsic foot muscles

calcaneus

Boat shaped bone

navicular

Articulates with talus posteriorly and the three cuneiforms anteriorly

navicular

Found medially, palpated a finger’s width anterior to sustentaculum tali

navicular tuberosity

Wedge shaped bones anterior to navicular

cuneiforms

Lie across the instep of the foot to form the transverse arch of foot

cuneiforms

Three side serve to articular with other bones

cuboid

Lateral and plantar surfaces have a groove for the peroneus longus tendon

cuboid

Largest cuneiform

medial

Smallest cuneiform

intermediate

Found between the tuberosity of the navicular and base of the first MT

medial cuneiform

Lies in line with the second MT

intermediate cuneiform

Lies in line with the third MT, articulates with the medial cuboid

lateral cuneiform

Medial articulation of cuboid

lateral cuneiform

Anterior articulation of cuboid

4th and 5th MTs

Posterior articulation of cuboid

calcaneus

Composes the forefoot

metatarsals, phalanges

Thinnest and longest

second mt

Shortest and thickest

first mt

Firmly wedged at the proximal end by the cuneiforms proximally and adjacent metatarsals

second mt

More posterior in relation to third mt

fourth mt

Has a tuberosity and is the site of insertion for peroneus brevis

fifth mt

Concavely arched on the plantar aspect which improves load absorption during weight bearing

metatarsals

Easily palpated in toes

phalanges

How many phalangeal bones

Broader

middle phalanges

Taller

proximal phalanges

Flatter and smaller

distal phalanges

Occurs as two segments of the joint move closer together

dorsiflexion

Known as flexion in the pure sagittal plane

dorsiflexion

Occurs when two segments of the joint move further apart

plantarflexion

Known as extension in the pure sagittal plane

plantarflexion

Rotation movement so that bottom of the foot rolls to the opposite limb

inversion

Rolls to the sole of the foot away from the opposite limb

eversion

Rotation of the foot along a transverse plane around a vertical axis away from midline

abduction

Rotation of the foot around a vertical axis toward the midline

adduction

Known as pronatioj and supination of the ankle and foot

triplanar movement

Joint axes intersect all three planes

triplanar movement

Functional movements of the foot typically occur as a result of all three movements

triplanar movement

Not all joints serve to impact functional motion unless they ate affected by pathology

true

Primarily serve weight bearing functions and can compensate for pathologies mote proximal in the kinematic chain

joints

Interosseous membrane runs between the two bones and serves to maintain alignment and as a muscle attachment site of the leg muscles

tibiofibular

Proximal tibiofibular joint

synovial

Distal tibiofibular joint

syndesmosis

Forgotten joint

proximal tibiofibular

Movement is minimal and occurs with dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot

proximal tibiofibular

Fibula moves superiorly

dorsiflexion

Fibula moves inferiorly

plantarflexion

Movement restraints of proximal tibiofibular joint

biceps femoris tendon, LCL, tendon of popliteus, tibiofibular ligaments, fascia

In proximal tibiofibular joint, slighr gliding motion occur as the ankle dorsiflexes. Restriction at this joint = limited plantarflexion

first true, second false

In distal tibiofibular joint, as the ankle dorsiflexes,

the fibula abducts from the tibia as it rotates medially

In distal tibiofibular joint, as the ankle plantarflexes,

the fibula adducts from the tibia as it rotates laterally

Normal tibial torsion

20-23 deg

Proximal TF joint articular surfaces

concave: articular surface at tibia, convex: articular surface at fibula

Ankle joint

talocrural

What holds the talocrural joint firmly in place, creating a strong mortise for the trochlea and wedge shaped talus

tibiofibular ligaments

What type of joint is talocrural and how many degrees of freedom

hinge, one degree

Talocrural joint capsule is reinforced medially and laterally by what ligaments

MCL or deltoid, LCL

100

A line formed by the tips of the malleoli approximate the joiny axis

talocrural

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