TOPIC 6.1

通報

問題一覧

Toes or forefoot are first point of contact with ground instead of heel

toes or forefoot contact

Entire foot simultaneously touches ground at initial contact

foot flat contact

Forefoot slaps the groung following a heel first initial contact

foot slap

Ankle fails to achieve 5 deg df at midstance and 10 deg df at terminal stance

excess pf

Ankle collapses into more than 5 deg df at midstance and more than 10 df at terminal stance

excess df

Heel comes off ground in midstance

early heel rise

Heel fails to elevate from ground appropriately during terminal stance

no heel off

Toes flex and grab floor

toe clawing

Subtalar jt is excessively inverter or everted in contrast to expected position

excess inv or eversion

Some portion of reference foot contacts ground during swing

drag

Knee common gait deviations: all phases

excess knee flexion

Knee common gait deviations: loading response, preswing and intial swing

limited knee flexion

Knee common gait deviations: stance

knee hyperextension, wobble

Hip common gait deviations: initial contact and loading response, midstance through preswing, swing

excess hip flexion

Hip common gait deviations: initial contact, loading response, initial swing, midswing and terminal swing

limited hip flexion

Hip common gait deviations: swing

circumduction

Hip common gait deviations: all phases

ir, er, add, abd

Pelvic and trunk common gait deviations: stance or swing

backward trunk lean

Pelvic and trunk common gait deviations: primarily stance

forward trunk lean

Pelvic and trunk common gait deviations: reference limb stance

ipsilateral trunk lean

Pelvic and trunk common gait deviations: reference limb swing

contralateral trunk lean

Pelvic and trunk common gait deviations: stance

contralateral pelvic drop

Pelvic and trunk common gait deviations: swing

ipsilateral pelvic drop, pelvic hike

OGA: Observe either the same body segment during the next phase or another segment at the same phase

true

Used for variety of reasons such as examination of ambulation skills, determination of the patient’s need for assistance, identification of a change in a patient’s status, screening for identification of patient’s need for physical therapy and identification of individuals who are at risk for falling

ambulation profile and scales

Designed to examine gait skills on a continuum from standing balance in the parallel bars to independent ambulation

functional ambulation profile and modif

Stopwatch is used to measure the amount of time required either to maintain a position or perform a task

functional ambulation profile and modif

Three phases of functional ambulation profile and modification

perform 3 tasks on parallel bars, transfer weight from one LE to other as fast as possible, walk 20 feet in parallel bars, with or if possible without assistive device

Examines four functional tasks: getting out of bed, ambulating 15 ft, and walking up and down three steps

iowa level of assistance scale

Patient’s performance on fhe task is rated according to seven levels

iowa level of assistance scale

Iowa seven level of assistance scale

not tested, attempted but not completed, maximum assistance, moderate assistance, minimal assistance, standby assistance, independence

An 18 item measure that examines elements of a patient’s physical, psychosocial and social function

functional independence measure

12 item which provides measure of disability that reflected the communication, psychosocial adjustment, and cognitive functions of populations of individuals who sustained TBI and stroke

functional assessment measure

Uses 7 pt rating scale molded after the FIM to examine the individual’s level or degree of independence, amount of assistance required, use of adaptive or assistive devices and percentage of tasks completed successfully

functional assessment measure

Tge 12 items of FAM have been combined with the 18 item FIM to produce the FIM + FAM with the intent of providing more detailed data for populations with TBI and stroke

true

Developed to evaluate balance and mobility skills in individuals who have experienced mild to moderate TBI

community balance and mobility scale

This scale consists of 13 items that include opportunities to assess multitasking, sequencing of movements, and complex motor skills

community balance and mobility scale

Six items are performed on both the right and left side, each of which is rated on a 6point scale from 0 to 5

community balance and mobility scale

Designed to distinguish nursing home residents with a recent history of two or more falls from a control group of residents without a recent fall history

gait abnomality rating scale and modif

Test developers selected 16 features of the gait cycle and a scoring system in which the features are scores in a 0-3 rating scale. Among the 16 features rated, arm swing amplitude, UE and LE synchrony, and guardedness best distinguished falllers from other subjects

gait abnormality rating scale and modif

The distinguishing features could be used to identify residents at risk of falling

gait abnormality rating scale and modif

Modified GARS is a ___ item version of GARS

Designed to examine the ability to adapt gait to changes in task demands

dynamic gait index

Uses a 0-3 scale to rate performance on eight items, including gait on even surfaces, gait while changing speeds, gait and head turns in a vertical or horizontal direction, stepping over obstacles, and gain with pivot turns and steps

dynamic gait index

This tool has been used to evaluate dynamic gait and balance in a variety of patient populations, including individuals with parkinson’s disease, stroke, MS, cerebellar ataxia and children with CP

dynamic gait index

Integrates an evaluation of three facets of performance for each task. This modification enables monitoring of changes in any of the three facets of walking performance, in contrast to the original scoring system based on gait pattern alone

modified DGI

Another modification of the original 8 item DGI

functional gait assessment

Seven of the eight original DGI tasks were preserved and three new items were added

functional gait assessment

Has been used in studies of specific patient populations, including Parkinson’s disease and stroke

functional gait assessment

Designed to measure high level mobility skills required for employmeny and social roles, as well as for leisure and sportinf activities for younger adults recovering from TBI

high level mobility assessment

Consists of 13 items and to complete requires only a stopwatch, a 14 step staircase, a brick sizes object and tape measure

high level mobility assessment

Tasks assessed include walking, running, a run stop, skipping, hopping forward, bounding, and going up and down stairs with and without a railing

high level mobility assessment

All items are marked on 5 point scale except for two stair items that are rated on a 6 point. Maximum achievable score is 54

high level mobility assessment

Tool is appropriate only for patients whi can ambulate independently for at least 20 meters without an assistive device. It is the most appropriate for higher functioning patients

high level mobility assessment

Designed to identify risk factors, functional performance, and factors that hinder mobility

fast evaluation of mobility, balance and fear

Consists of 22 item risk factor questionnaire and an 18 item performance component, which includes among other measures, stair ascent and descent, stepping over an obstacle, and one legged standing

fast evaluation of mobility, balance and fear

Develops to assess both curved and straight path walking in older adults with walking difficulties

figure of 8 walk test

Number of steps, total time, and smoothness of movement are examined as an individual completes a single figure of 8 walk around two cones paced 5 ft apart

figure of 8 walk test

Initially developed to be administered to older adults but has since been used with different patient populations

tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment

Consists of gait and balance items and takes approx. 15 mins to administer

tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment

Evaluate body posture, and walking initiation, path and stance while individuals walk across the examination room or a hallway to a self selected pace, as well as at a fast speed using usual assistive devices

tinetti peformance oriented mobility assessment

Valid and reliable tool that was created to evaluate walking ability of adults and children with SCI based on the extent and nature of assistance required to walk 10 meters at self selected speed

walking index for SCI

This takes up to about 15 mins administer, depending in the individual’s capacity and the need to don orthoses

walking index for SCI

In 6MWT, the final distance walked is divided by either 6 to determine average speed in meters per minute or by ____ if reporting as meters per second

360

Body forces; data can be used to calculate spatial and temporal gait features such as cadence, step symmetry, step duration and stride duration

accelerometers

Single uniaxial attached on the skin surface of the lower leg can provide data for calculating cadence, determining number of steps, and estimating stride length and walking speed

gyroscope

These portable devices are used by clinics and research facilities to help classify and quantify the severity of patient’s disability and to guide and assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions

walkway

Pressure sensitive switches places on either on the patient’s feet or the inside or outside of the shoes

footswitch system

Consist of transducers and a semiconductor and are used to signal such events as the heel contacting the ground; can be connected to a strip chart recorder to yield a permanent record of temporal and spatial gait variables

footswitch system

Include two rigid link connected by a potentiometer that converted movement into an electrical signal that was proportional to the degree of movement

electrogoniometers

Attached to the proximal and distal limb segments

electrogoniometer

2D and 3D available for gait analysis; however, their use is limited due to challenges with providing accurate data

video motion analysis

Alternative motion analysis technology employs ______ tracking capabilties to determine the 3D coordinates of location and angulation of each sensor

electromagnetic motion

More rapid data collection in the clinical setting but can compromise accuracy of estimations of 3D jt motion

optical markerless motion

Measured with force platforms in newtowns or pound force

GRF

Force per unit area

pressure

Point of application of the resultant force

COP

Used as a measure of stability of a subject who is either standing or walking on a force plate

COP

Heel strike pressure

lateral midpoint of heel

Footflat to midstance pressure

lateral midfoot region

Heel off to toe off pressure

medial forefoot under 1st and 2nd MTT head and big toe

Moment of force

torque

Turning or rotational effect produced by the application of a force

torque

Capable of measuring GRF, as well as calculating the COM, acceleration, velocity, displacement, power and work

force plate

Most common in gait analysis to determine the pressure distribution under the foot: foot to ground contact, foot to shoe contact, and shoe to ground contact

plantar pressure

May be used to determine prthotuc efficacy, pressure injury risk in diabetes, and for regulatinf weight bearing following surgery

plantar pressure

Used to obtain static and dynamic peak torques before obtainung temporal and spatial measures

isokinetic and isometric torque

Visual 3D, innovative software for biomechanical analysis and modeling, is used to process a variety of gait analysis data

software for processing, analyzing, and displaying kinematic and kinetic data

Quantifies the amount of deviation in a subject’s gait compared to the gait of an average unimpaired person

normalcy index

Sensitive enough to distinguish unimpaired subjects from idiopathic toe walkers and to distinguisd between involved and less involved limbs of subjects following stroke

normalcy index

Commonly used statistical technique in the social science that has also been used to create an objective classification system of gait patterns

cluster analysis

Four clusters of gait patterns

fast, moderate, flexed, extended

Estimate heat produced by a subject at rest and during exercise by using indirect caliometry, based on the assumption that all energy using reactions of the body depend on oxygen uptake

physiological energy cost measure

Two parameters of prime interest are oxygen cost and oxygen rate

physiological energy cost measure

Kinetic approach is used

mechanical energy cost determination

Kinematic data alone are required, using estimates of massed of body parts and of the COM locations of these parts

mechanical energy cost determination

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