RAD BIO 4

33問 • 1年前

通報

問題一覧

initial ionizing event occurs on DNA–target molecule

Direct Effects

- initial ionizing event occurs in distant–non critical molecule - energy transferred to target molecule

Indirect Effects

2 Types of Irradiation of MacroMolecules

- In Vitro - In Vivo

- Irradiation of macromolecules outside the body or outside the cell - Considerable radiation dose is required to produce a measurable effect

In Vitro

- Irradiation of macromolecules within the living cell - More sensitive in their natural state

In Vivo

3 Types of Irradiation Of Macromolecules in Vitro MCP

- Main chain scission - Cross-linking - Point lesion

the breakage of the backbone of the long-chain macromolecule.

Main chain scission

determines the degree of mainchain scission

Measurement of Viscosity

Process of side spurs created by irradiation & attached to a neighboring macromolecules or to another segment of the same molecule

Cross-linking

Cross linking increases the _______ of the macromolecular solution

Viscosity

- Any change that results in the impairment or loss of function at the point of a single chemical bond - Not detectable

Point Lesion

At low radiation doses, _____ _____ are considered to be the cellular radiation damage that results in the stochastic radiation effects observed at the whole-body level

Point Lesion

- Poisonous to the cell & therefore acts as a toxic agent - Formed by combination of two OH - Formed by combination of two Hydroperoxyl radicals

Hydrogen Peroxide

- The principal damaging product of radiolysis of water - Formed by combination of H* and oxygen

Hydroperoxyl Radical

most important molecule in the human body

DNA

3 Effects of Radiation on DNA CMG

- Cell Death - Malignant Disease - Genetic Effect

- Designed to detect or measure radiation - it is used to indicate the presence of radiation - Operate in the ____ or ____ mode

- Radiation Detection Instrument - pulse, rate

_________: the practice of measuring the intensity of radiation _________: the radiation-measuring devices

- Dosimetry - Dosimeters

5 Types of Radiation Detection & Measuring Device PGTOS

- Photographic Emulsion - Gas Filled Detectors - Thermoluminescence Dosimetry - Optically-Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry - Scintillation Detection

- The earliest radiation detection device - limited range, sensitive & energy dependent - used for personnel monitoring & emulsion imaging

Photographic Emulsion

device used to measure radiation intensity & to detect radioactive contamination

Gas-filled Detectors

Three Types of Gas-filled Detectors IPG

- Ionization chamber - Proportional counter - Geiger Muller counter

In general, the _____ the chamber, the more gas molecules are available for ionization and therefore the more _______ the instrument.

- larger - sensitive

- instrument of choice for measuring radiation intensity - wide range, accurate & portable survey for radiation levels 1 mR/hr or 10 uGy/hr

Ionization Chamber

- It is used for contamination control in nuclear medicine laboratories - limited to 100 mR/hr & portable survey for low radiation levels & radioactive contamination

Geiger-Muller Counter

- It has the ability to distinguish between alpha & beta radiation - Characteristics: laboratory equipment, accurate & sensitive - Uses: assay of small quantities of radionuclides

Proportional Counter

- Basis for the gamma camera - It is used in the detectors arrays of CT imaging system - It is used as IR in digital imaging system

Scintillation Detection

- limited range, very sensitive, & stationary or portable instruments - Materials: NaI:Tl or CsI:Tl

Scintillation Detection

- Discovered in the 1960 at the University of Wisconsin. - When exposed to ionizing radiation the crystals in this undergo structural changes that remains essentially stable until the crystal is heated. When heated, the stored energy is released as light.

Thermoluminescence Dosimetry

4 Materials of Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (LF, CF, LB, CS)

- Lithium Fluoride - Calcium Fluoride - Lithium Borate - Calcium Sulfate

- Advantages: Size, Reusable, Responds proportionately to dose, Rugged - Characteristics: wide range, accurate & sensitive as low as 5 mrad >10 rad - Uses: personnel monitoring, stationary & area monitoring

Thermoluminescence Dosimetry

- Developed by Laundauer in late 1990s - Material: Aluminum oxide Step Process: • Exposure to ionizing radiation • Laser illumination • Measurement of the intensity of stimulated light emission

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry

Reanalysis Wide dynamic range Excellent long-term stability

Advantage of OSL over TLD

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

E · 55問 · 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

55問 • 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

20問 • 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

E · 29問 · 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

29問 • 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

E · 33問 · 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

33問 • 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

E · 42問 · 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

42問 • 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

RPC L2

RPC L2

RPC L3

RPC L3

RPC L4

RPC L4

ALE

ALE

RPC L5

RPC L5

RPC M1

RPC M1

RPC M1/2

RPC M1/2

RPC M2

RPC M2

RPC M2.5

RPC M2.5

RPC M3

RPC M3

問題一覧

initial ionizing event occurs on DNA–target molecule

Direct Effects

- initial ionizing event occurs in distant–non critical molecule - energy transferred to target molecule

Indirect Effects

2 Types of Irradiation of MacroMolecules

- In Vitro - In Vivo

- Irradiation of macromolecules outside the body or outside the cell - Considerable radiation dose is required to produce a measurable effect

In Vitro

- Irradiation of macromolecules within the living cell - More sensitive in their natural state

In Vivo

3 Types of Irradiation Of Macromolecules in Vitro MCP

- Main chain scission - Cross-linking - Point lesion

the breakage of the backbone of the long-chain macromolecule.

Main chain scission

determines the degree of mainchain scission

Measurement of Viscosity

Process of side spurs created by irradiation & attached to a neighboring macromolecules or to another segment of the same molecule

Cross-linking

Cross linking increases the _______ of the macromolecular solution

Viscosity

- Any change that results in the impairment or loss of function at the point of a single chemical bond - Not detectable

Point Lesion

At low radiation doses, _____ _____ are considered to be the cellular radiation damage that results in the stochastic radiation effects observed at the whole-body level

Point Lesion

- Poisonous to the cell & therefore acts as a toxic agent - Formed by combination of two OH - Formed by combination of two Hydroperoxyl radicals

Hydrogen Peroxide

- The principal damaging product of radiolysis of water - Formed by combination of H* and oxygen

Hydroperoxyl Radical

most important molecule in the human body

DNA

3 Effects of Radiation on DNA CMG

- Cell Death - Malignant Disease - Genetic Effect

- Designed to detect or measure radiation - it is used to indicate the presence of radiation - Operate in the ____ or ____ mode

- Radiation Detection Instrument - pulse, rate

_________: the practice of measuring the intensity of radiation _________: the radiation-measuring devices

- Dosimetry - Dosimeters

5 Types of Radiation Detection & Measuring Device PGTOS

- Photographic Emulsion - Gas Filled Detectors - Thermoluminescence Dosimetry - Optically-Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry - Scintillation Detection

- The earliest radiation detection device - limited range, sensitive & energy dependent - used for personnel monitoring & emulsion imaging

Photographic Emulsion

device used to measure radiation intensity & to detect radioactive contamination

Gas-filled Detectors

Three Types of Gas-filled Detectors IPG

- Ionization chamber - Proportional counter - Geiger Muller counter

In general, the _____ the chamber, the more gas molecules are available for ionization and therefore the more _______ the instrument.

- larger - sensitive

- instrument of choice for measuring radiation intensity - wide range, accurate & portable survey for radiation levels 1 mR/hr or 10 uGy/hr

Ionization Chamber

- It is used for contamination control in nuclear medicine laboratories - limited to 100 mR/hr & portable survey for low radiation levels & radioactive contamination

Geiger-Muller Counter

- It has the ability to distinguish between alpha & beta radiation - Characteristics: laboratory equipment, accurate & sensitive - Uses: assay of small quantities of radionuclides

Proportional Counter

- Basis for the gamma camera - It is used in the detectors arrays of CT imaging system - It is used as IR in digital imaging system

Scintillation Detection

- limited range, very sensitive, & stationary or portable instruments - Materials: NaI:Tl or CsI:Tl

Scintillation Detection

Thermoluminescence Dosimetry

4 Materials of Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (LF, CF, LB, CS)

- Lithium Fluoride - Calcium Fluoride - Lithium Borate - Calcium Sulfate

Thermoluminescence Dosimetry

- Developed by Laundauer in late 1990s - Material: Aluminum oxide Step Process: • Exposure to ionizing radiation • Laser illumination • Measurement of the intensity of stimulated light emission

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry

Reanalysis Wide dynamic range Excellent long-term stability

Advantage of OSL over TLD