what are 2 results of electrons interacting with orbital electrons or nuclear field. Formation of what?

In diagnostic range, most x-rays are?

require an x-ray tube with a potential of 69 kVp and up since the K-shell electron of a tungsten target has an effective energy of 69 KeV

expression of energy of x-rays

How many joules in 1 keV

Kinetic Energy Equations

results when the projectile electrons barely interact with the nuclear force field

results from the braking of projectile electrons by the nucleus of an atom, where the projectile electrons completely avoids the orbital electrons as it passes through the target atom and may come close enough to the nucleus to interact with its electric field

energy in motion

occurs when radiation is produced by any other outer shell electron filling a K shell vacancy

interact with outer shell electrons which causes excitation then return to the original state.

where projectile electron loses its kinetic energy as it interacts with this then changes direction

- produced ISOTROPICALLY and has EQUAL INTENSITY to all directions - SIZE is VARIABLE by using X-RAY BEAM COLLIMATORS - Intercepted by MATTER & TISSUE.

percentage of anode heat used in x-ray production

99% of projectile electron interaction is converted into this

Transmitted from the x-ray tube to the image receptor. The QUALITY and QUANTITY of this can be determined by the !kVp and mAs! It should never be directed at the radiologic technologist, other personnel, or the control booth.

causes the "braking" down of electrons occurs between nucleus of atom and projectile electrons

2 incidents that are responsible for most heat generated in the Anode

Electrons traveling from the cathode to anode These electrons interact with the orbital electrons or the nuclear field of the target atoms interact with an inner shell electron and ionizes it leaving a void to be filled by an outer shell electron

Particularly important in radiographic positioning and reducing image distortion

How to increase anode heat of Tube Voltage?

How to increase the anode heat of Tube Current?

what lost kinetic energy is converted into

- Produced by using a HIGH VOLTAGE and an ELECTRIC CURRENT - Produced when FAST MOVING ELECTRONS coming from the cathode interacts with the target in the anode

When electrons hit the anode, they transfer their kinetic energy to

During off focus radiation creation, this bounce off the focal spot and land on other areas of the target causing x-rays to be produced from outside of the focal spot.

most of the projectile electrons' kinetic energy is converted into this

Ions with high kinetic energy focused toward a small spot on the anode are necessary for x-ray production. TRUE OR FALSE?

If the intensity of the central ray is 100%, what is the x-ray intensity on the cathode and anode side?

distance of the filament to the target

this is the x-rays emitted through the window of the x-ray tube The actual x-ray beam that is intercepted by the patient

primary function is to accelerate electrons from cathode to anode

Can also be reduced by the use of metal enclosures which extract and conduct the reflected electrons Can be a reason that tissue that was meant to be excluded, appear on the radiograph Reduced by using a fixed diaphragm inside the x-ray tube near its window.

also known as Extrafocal X-rays

Charge of a nucleus of an atom

imaginary line in the useful beam centermost part of the x-ray beam should be aligned to the center of the structure being imaged and grid if being used.

charge of Projectile electrons

german word meaning “slowed down”

produced when an outer shell electron fills an inner shell void Emission of x-ray occurs as the outer shell electron fills the inner shell

x-rays formed outside of the focal spot area undesirable because it extends the focal spot size increasing the skin dose unnecessarily Can reduce the radiographic image contrast.

any x-rays that escape the protective housing of the X-ray tube Contributes nothing in the way of diagnostic information and results in unnecessary exposure of the patient and radiologic technologist. Must not exceed !!100 mR/hr at !!1m!!

only ones useful in x-ray imaging as all other outer shell electron binding energy is lower than of a K-shell electron

how much energy can be produced in bremsstrahlung radiation?

The part of the x-ray beam that exits the patient after interaction. Interact with the patient and are scattered away.

designed so that the projectile electrons from the cathode interacts with the target only at the focal spot. considered to be an ineffective device