M4

58問 • 1年前

通報

問題一覧

invented x-ray grid in 1913

Dr. Gustav Bucky

working ability of a grid is described, ratio of height

Grid Ratio

Grid Ratio used for Greater than 90 kVp - for 20-40 kVp (mammography)- for 70-90 kVp -

- 12:1 - 5:1 - 8:1

ratio of incident radiation

Bucky Factor

no actual grid, latest innovation for scatter radiation

Virtual Grid

strips are slightly angled, used at specified focal distance

Focused Grid

used for short or long distance

Parallel Grid

eliminates fine grid lines

Moving Grid

Layers of Intensifying Screen BRLP

- Base - Reflective Layer - Luminescent Layer/Phosphor Layer - Protective Layer

What phosphor layer emits blue light? CT & LO

- Calcium Tungstate - Lanthanum Oxybromide

What phosphor layer emits green light? G.0

Gadolinium Oxysulfide

Rare Earth Elements GLY

Gadolinium Lanthanum Yttrium

* film sensitive to UV, Blue, Green Light * film sensitive to UV & Blue Light

- Orthrochromatic Films - Conventional Films

2 Processing Errors that affect density

- Underdevelopment - Overdevelopment

processing that requires rigorous quality control

Automatic Processing

controls density of radiograph

mAs

What Scatter is Decreased, Contrast is what?

Increased

magnifying the anatomical structure, usually caused by increased OID

Size Distortion

can be controlled by proper exposure factor

Magnification

misinterpretation of shape, controlled by alignment of beam, referred as true distortion

Shape Distortion

Influencing factors of shape distortion include: CB

- Central ray angulation - Body part rotation

central portion of the beam

Central Ray

number used to change one set of units

Technique Conversion Factors

alters intensity of beam

SID

- compromise visibility of detail - degree of overall blackening

Density

describe concept of density displayed on soft copy monitor, amount of luminescence

Brightness

describe the digital processing that produce change

Window Level

5 Factors affecting density KFABA

- kVp, mAs - focal spot - anode heel effect - beam restriction - anatomical part

effect that alters intensity

Anode Heel Effect

great deal of influence on IR and film density

Anatomical Part

affects recorded detail, fails enough time for image to form

Motion

* patient based artifact that occur with voluntary and involuntary movement * under the direct control of patient * not under the control of patient

- Motion Artifact - Voluntary Motion - Involuntary Motion

technique used to track movement of objects with xrays ex. cartilage

X-ray Motion Analysis

instrument that provides a read of amount of blackening or density

Densitometer

unwanted absorption of x-rays via an x-ray grid

Grid Cut Off

to minimize distortion

Target Object Film Alignment

Use only the SID distances of?

40” 56” 72”

What do with mAs when distance increases? when distance decreases?

- double mAs - halve mAs

Restricting beam does what? RN, RA, RO

- reduce number of photons - reduce amount of scatter radiation - reduce overall IR exposure & film density

Scatter rad is produced when? HL

- high kVp - large anatomic size

can alter absorption characteristics of anatomic part

Pathologic Conditions

- conditions that increase absorption characteristics, making it difficult to penetrate - conditions that decrease the absorption characteristics, making part easier to penetrate

- Additive Diseases - Destructive Diseases

BEST METHODS IN REDUCING MOTION IN ORDER

1st - Communication 2nd - Reduce Exposure Time 3rd - Immobilization

major controller of image resolution and penumbra

Focal Spot Size

- what focal spot reduces bluriness or penumbra effect and is used where spatial resolution is important (mammography) - what focal spot results in more unsharpness and reduced recorded detail, used when shorter exposure time is prio

- Small Focal Spot - Large Focal Spot

The ________ between source or focal spot, object, part and image receptor are critical in establishing sufficient recorded detail

Distance

when OID is decreased, resolution is ________ when SID is increased, resolution and recorded detail is ________

- increased - increased

distance between focal spot and radiographic film

Focal Film Distance

- lower x-ray beam intensity - need higher mAs to prevent underexposure

- Greater FFD - Longer FFD

commonly classified by speed

Film/Screen Combination

Slow Film Screen Combination equals to better or worse resolution?

Better

helps control geometric distortion and grid cut off

Tube-object film alignment

degree to which radiation is attenuated, depends on cell component, relative atomic no, thickness, cell density

Patient Factors

- anything that changes the nature of radiation beam - purpose is scatter control

Beam Modification

- filtration from components of x-ray tube - filtration from interchangeable metal sheets

Inherent Filtration Added Filtration

filtration used in mammography

Beryllium

Diagnostic X-ray Beams are _________ (meaning spectrum of many diff energies)

Polychromatic

substance that attenuates the beam to a different degree than surrounding tissue

Contrast Media

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

E · 55問 · 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

55問 • 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

20問 • 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

E · 29問 · 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

29問 • 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

E · 33問 · 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

33問 • 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

E · 42問 · 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

42問 • 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

RPC L2

RPC L2

RPC L3

RPC L3

RPC L4

RPC L4

ALE

ALE

RPC L5

RPC L5

RPC M1

RPC M1

RPC M1/2

RPC M1/2

RPC M2

RPC M2

RPC M2.5

RPC M2.5

RPC M3

RPC M3

Midterm

Midterm

MIDTERM

MIDTERM

Midterm

Midterm

RPC F1

RPC F1

FINALS #1

FINALS #1

RPC F2

RPC F2

RPC F3

RPC F3

Finals

Finals

Prelim

Prelim

ISI FINALS PROLOGUE

ISI FINALS PROLOGUE

ISI FINALS EPILOGUE

ISI FINALS EPILOGUE

ISI FINALE

ISI FINALE

Chapter 3.5/4

Chapter 3.5/4

RADBIO 1&2

RADBIO 1&2

RADPRO 1&2

RADPRO 1&2

CHAPTER 4+1 NOT COMPLETE

E · 60問 · 1年前

CHAPTER 4+1 NOT COMPLETE

RADBIO 3

RADBIO 3

RADPRO 3

RADPRO 3

Chapter Left

Chapter Left

POI P1

POI P1

POI P2

POI P2

POI P3

POI P3

QUIZ 4 PART

QUIZ 4 PART

1-3

1-3

4 SECTION PUTA

4 SECTION PUTA

M1 K Ver

M1 K Ver

M2 K Ver

M2 K Ver

1-3

1-3

RAD BIO 4

RAD BIO 4

Awa

Awa

not parts

not parts

RADBIO & RADPRO 5

RADBIO & RADPRO 5

RADBIO & RADPRO 6

RADBIO & RADPRO 6

M4in

M4in

C5 Orig V1

C5 Orig V1

C5 Part 2

C5 Part 2

Urologic Procedures

Urologic Procedures

DRUGS

DRUGS

C5 Orig V2

C5 Orig V2

RAD BIO 7

RAD BIO 7

RAD BIO 8

RAD BIO 8

RAD PRO 6 & 7

RAD PRO 6 & 7

GI Procedures

GI Procedures

Compressed

Compressed

OMY TUBE

OMY TUBE

P2/3

P2/3

BREAST

BREAST

M1 PPT

M1 PPT

F1 Final

F1 Final

SPINE

SPINE

PRELIM FINALE

PRELIM FINALE

MIDTERM FINALE

MIDTERM FINALE

FINALS FINALE

FINALS FINALE

PPT4

PPT4

EXAM BASED

EXAM BASED

EXAM BASED

EXAM BASED

問題一覧

invented x-ray grid in 1913

Dr. Gustav Bucky

working ability of a grid is described, ratio of height

Grid Ratio

Grid Ratio used for Greater than 90 kVp - for 20-40 kVp (mammography)- for 70-90 kVp -

- 12:1 - 5:1 - 8:1

ratio of incident radiation

Bucky Factor

no actual grid, latest innovation for scatter radiation

Virtual Grid

strips are slightly angled, used at specified focal distance

Focused Grid

used for short or long distance

Parallel Grid

eliminates fine grid lines

Moving Grid

Layers of Intensifying Screen BRLP

- Base - Reflective Layer - Luminescent Layer/Phosphor Layer - Protective Layer

What phosphor layer emits blue light? CT & LO

- Calcium Tungstate - Lanthanum Oxybromide

What phosphor layer emits green light? G.0

Gadolinium Oxysulfide

Rare Earth Elements GLY

Gadolinium Lanthanum Yttrium

* film sensitive to UV, Blue, Green Light * film sensitive to UV & Blue Light

- Orthrochromatic Films - Conventional Films

2 Processing Errors that affect density

- Underdevelopment - Overdevelopment

processing that requires rigorous quality control

Automatic Processing

controls density of radiograph

mAs

What Scatter is Decreased, Contrast is what?

Increased

magnifying the anatomical structure, usually caused by increased OID

Size Distortion

can be controlled by proper exposure factor

Magnification

misinterpretation of shape, controlled by alignment of beam, referred as true distortion

Shape Distortion

Influencing factors of shape distortion include: CB

- Central ray angulation - Body part rotation

central portion of the beam

Central Ray

number used to change one set of units

Technique Conversion Factors

alters intensity of beam

SID

- compromise visibility of detail - degree of overall blackening

Density

describe concept of density displayed on soft copy monitor, amount of luminescence

Brightness

describe the digital processing that produce change

Window Level

5 Factors affecting density KFABA

- kVp, mAs - focal spot - anode heel effect - beam restriction - anatomical part

effect that alters intensity

Anode Heel Effect

great deal of influence on IR and film density

Anatomical Part

affects recorded detail, fails enough time for image to form

Motion

* patient based artifact that occur with voluntary and involuntary movement * under the direct control of patient * not under the control of patient

- Motion Artifact - Voluntary Motion - Involuntary Motion

technique used to track movement of objects with xrays ex. cartilage

X-ray Motion Analysis

instrument that provides a read of amount of blackening or density

Densitometer

unwanted absorption of x-rays via an x-ray grid

Grid Cut Off

to minimize distortion

Target Object Film Alignment

Use only the SID distances of?

40” 56” 72”

What do with mAs when distance increases? when distance decreases?

- double mAs - halve mAs

Restricting beam does what? RN, RA, RO

- reduce number of photons - reduce amount of scatter radiation - reduce overall IR exposure & film density

Scatter rad is produced when? HL

- high kVp - large anatomic size

can alter absorption characteristics of anatomic part

Pathologic Conditions

- conditions that increase absorption characteristics, making it difficult to penetrate - conditions that decrease the absorption characteristics, making part easier to penetrate

- Additive Diseases - Destructive Diseases

BEST METHODS IN REDUCING MOTION IN ORDER

1st - Communication 2nd - Reduce Exposure Time 3rd - Immobilization

major controller of image resolution and penumbra

Focal Spot Size

- Small Focal Spot - Large Focal Spot

The ________ between source or focal spot, object, part and image receptor are critical in establishing sufficient recorded detail

Distance

when OID is decreased, resolution is ________ when SID is increased, resolution and recorded detail is ________

- increased - increased

distance between focal spot and radiographic film

Focal Film Distance

- lower x-ray beam intensity - need higher mAs to prevent underexposure

- Greater FFD - Longer FFD

commonly classified by speed

Film/Screen Combination

Slow Film Screen Combination equals to better or worse resolution?

Better

helps control geometric distortion and grid cut off

Tube-object film alignment

degree to which radiation is attenuated, depends on cell component, relative atomic no, thickness, cell density

Patient Factors

- anything that changes the nature of radiation beam - purpose is scatter control

Beam Modification

- filtration from components of x-ray tube - filtration from interchangeable metal sheets

Inherent Filtration Added Filtration

filtration used in mammography

Beryllium

Diagnostic X-ray Beams are _________ (meaning spectrum of many diff energies)

Polychromatic

substance that attenuates the beam to a different degree than surrounding tissue

Contrast Media