discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895

where Roentgen worked at when he discovered X-rays

observed through a partially evacuated glass.

partially evacuated glass tube, FORERUNNER for modern fluorescent lamps and x-ray tubes at the time

the plate where the X-ray went was coated with this

called the glow of the barium photocyanide

what roentgen originally called x-rays, X as the symbol for the unknown

the date where Roentgen was able to report his experiment to the scientific community

year when Roentgen produced the first medical x-ray image using his wife’s hand

total time that Roentgen needed to discover almost all properties of X-ray

wife of Wilhelm Roentgen, first person to have her hand imaged

discovery of x-rays were?

on this date in the U.S, the first x-ray examination was conducted. observed at the physics laboratory of Dartmouth College

first patient, who broke his wrist, in the U.S. to have an x-ray procedure.

developed the Fluoroscope and investigated the fluorescent properties of 1800 other materials and Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Calcium Tungstate.

experienced severe radiation burns and died in 1904, becoming the first x-ray fatality in the United States.

3 Radiation Injuries

uses a film or solid-state image receptor and an x-ray tube that can be moved in any direction which will provide a fixed image.

conducted with an x-ray tube located underneath the table and provides moving images on a television or a flat panel display.

uses a rotating x-ray source and detector array to provide fixed images that can be reconstructed in any plane

demonstrated the use of intensifying screens in 1896. development of Intensifying Screens helped reduce exposure time.

exposed two glass x-ray plates with the emulsion surfaces together, exposure time was halved and the image was enhanced which introduced the double emulsion film

were used instead of glass as WW1 began because of supplies getting interrupted

apparent substitute than the glass plate

A Boston Dentist INTRODUCED TWO DEVICES that REDUCE EXPOSURE OF PATIENTS to x-rays and thereby minimize the possibility of x-ray burns. RESTRICTING THE BEAM with a sheet of lead with a hole in the center called a diaphragm and inserting a leather or aluminum filter improved the diagnostic quality of radiographs. This paved the way for the adoption of COLLIMATION and FILTRATION

Introduced the Interrupter less Transformer. SUBSTITUTE FOR STATIC MACHINES and INDUCTION COILS in use at the time. this transformer greatly exceeded the capabilities of the Crookes tube.

Introduced the hot-cathode tube or the Coolidge tube in 1913. Far superior than the Crookes tube. Allowed x-ray INTENSITY AND ENERGY to be selected separately and with great accuracy which was not available with gas-filled tubes. Coolidge tubes are used in x-ray tubes today.

light amplifier tube for fluoroscopy

Component of the x-ray imaging system rarely seen by the radiologic technologist. Contained in a protective housing.

Stationary Grid (Glitterblende)

Moving Grid

Most frequently used. Consists of two perpendicular sets of ceiling-mounted rails. Allows longitudinal and transverse travel of the x-ray tube. A telescoping structure attaches the x-ray tube housing to the rails.

A term used when the x-ray tube is centered above the examination table at the standard SID

Has a single column with rollers at each end. The x-ray tube slides up and down the column as the column rotates.

Often equipped in Interventional Radiology suites. Variations: L-Arm and U-arm The system is ceiling mounted and provides very flexible x-ray tube positioning.

- Guard against excessive radiation exposure, electric shock, and leakage radiation. - This also incorporates specially designed high-voltage receptacles to protect against accidental electric shock. - Provides MECHANICAL SUPPORT for the x-ray tube and protects it from damage caused by rough handling. - x-rays emitted through its window are useful beams

special section of the x-ray tube to which x-rays are emitted through.

Acts as insulators against electric shock Thermal cushion for heat dissipation

activated so as the x-ray tube cannot be used until it cools down

Contains the components of the x-ray tube and creates an electronic vacuum tube. 30 to 50 cm long and 20 cm in diameter. Made of Pyrex glass (Enables the x-ray tube to withstand tremendous heat generated) Vacuum allows for more x-ray production and longer tube life.

can reduce electron flow, reduce x-rays produced, produce more heat

contained controlled quantities of gas

vacuum tubes that has no gas inside

An improvement in x-ray tube design. As a glass tube ages, parts of the Tungsten target vaporizes and coat the inside of the enclosure.

causes alteration of the electrical properties of the tube, allowing tube current to stray and interact with the glass enclosure. Result: Arcing and Tube Failure. This also maintain a constant electric potential between the electrons of the tube current and the enclosure. Longer life and less likely to fail.

Negative side of the x-ray tube. Primary parts: Filament and Focusing Cup

Coil of wire through which an electric current is conducted causing it to glow and emit large quantity of heat. This emits electrons when it is fully heated. Size: 2mm in diameter; 1 or 2 cm in length Made of THORIATED TUNGSTEN

Provides higher rate for ejection of electrons from the filament (Thermionic Emission) Melting point of 3410 degrees Celsius (Thorium and Tungsten) Does not vaporize easily vaporizes over time and is deposited to the internal components causing arcing and lead to tube failure

Adding 1% to 2% of this to the tungsten enhances thermionic emission and prolongs tube life

A metal shroud where the filament is embedded. Electron beam tends to spread out owing to electrostatic repulsion and miss the anode. This is negatively charged so that it electrostatically confines the electron beam to a small area of the anode

Positive side of the x-ray tube. This conducts electricity, radiates heat, and contains the target. Three functions of this are Electrical Conductor Mechanical Support for the target Thermal Dissipator

two types of anode

3 Common anode materials

Used dental x-ray imaging. Does not move when an x-ray exposure occurs. Tungsten Alloy embedded in the copper

Used in general purpose x-ray. Must be capable of producing high intensity x-ray beams in a short time. Allows electrons beam to interact with a much larger target area. Heat is not confined to a small area. 3400 rpm. 10,000 rpm for high capacity x-ray tubes.

base of an anode

target part of anode

parts holding the target of the anode

2 elements that have lower mass density than tungsten making the anode lighter and easier to rotate

form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the creation of small holes in the metal

Why a tungsten target?

Powers the rotating anode. Works by electromagnetic induction.

Located outside of the glass envelope. Consists of series of electromagnets equally spaced around the neck of the tube. Can be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Sends pulses of energy to the rotor which makes it rotate in the anode

Shaft inside the glass envelope. Made of copper and iron fabricated into one mass. Allows the anode target to rotate once electricity is supplied.