RADBIO & RADPRO 6

57問 • 1年前

通報

問題一覧

Central Nervous System Death requires radiation doses in excess of ___ and results in death within _______

- 50 Gyt (5000 rad) - hours

2 types of death follow lower exposures and require a longer time for death to occur.

Hematologic death and Gastrointestinal death

produced by 2-10 Gyt (200-1000 rad)

Hematologic Syndrome

Px initially experience mild symptoms of _______ ______, which appear in a matter of a few hours and may persist for several days.

Prodromal Syndrome

Radiation doses of approximately 10 to 50 Gyt (1000-5000 rad) result in the what syndrome?

Gastrointestinal Syndrome

During GI Syndrome _______ therapy cannot prevent the rapid progression of symptoms that ultimately leads to death within _____ of exposure.

- Supportive - 4-10 days

During GI Syndrome -The manifest illness period begins with what? NDAL

- Nausea - Diarrhea - Anorexia - Lethargic

signs and symptoms of this occurring syndrome that lead to death within a matter of hours to days.

CNS Syndrome

2 Periods Associated with Radiation

- Prodromal Period - Latent Period

Symptoms of Early Radiation Sickness NVDL

- Nausea - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Leukopenia

when radiation doses approximately 1 Gyt (100 rad) are delivered to the whole body symptoms might appear within minutes to hours.

Prodromal Period

a period of apparent well-being, extends from hours or less (at doses in excess of 50 Gyt) to weeks (at doses from 1 to 5 Gyt) mistakenly thought to indicate an early recovery from a moderate radiation dose. misleading, however, because it gives no indication of the extensive radiation response yet to follow.

Latent Period

can extend as long as 4 weeks and is characterized by a general feeling of wellness. There are no obvious signs of illness, although the number of cells in the peripheral blood declines during this time

Latent Period

dose necessary to produce a given syndrome and the mean survival time are the principle quantitative measures of human radiation lethality

Manifest Illness

characterized by possible vomiting, mild diarrhea, malaise, lethargy, and fever.

Manifest Illness

During Manifest illness, each of the types of blood cells follows a rather characteristic pattern of cell depletion. If the dose is not lethal, recovery begins in _____ weeks, but as long as ______ may be required for full recovery

- 2-4 weeks - 6 months

As the whole-body radiation dose increases, the average time between exposure and death decreases. This time is known as

Mean Survival Time

During Local Tissue Damage When only part of the body is irradiated, in contrast to whole-body irradiation, a _____ dose is required to produce a response. Every organ and tissue of the body can be affected by _______ irradiation.

- higher - partial body

______ is the shrinkage of an organ or tissue caused by cell death. ___________ results in the earliest manifestation of radiation injury to the skin.

- Atrophy - Damage to basal cells

Erythema • These skin effects follow a what kind of relationship?

Nonlinear threshold dose response relationship

• _______ of x-radiation do not cause erythema. • _______ of x-radiation cause erythema in all persons so irradiated

- Small doses - Extremely high doses

• Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with superficial x-rays has shown that the skin erythema dose required to affect 50% of those irradiated is about?

5 Gyt

• Another response of the skin to radiation exposure is EMD

- epilation or loss of hair - Moist desquamation - desquamation

critically important target organs. As an example of local tissue effects, they are particularly sensitive to radiation. Responses to doses as low as 100 mGyt have been observed.

Human Gonads

these organs produce the germ cells that control fertility and heredity, their response to radiation has been studied extensively.

Human Gonads

Under Gametogenesis - are produced by both ovaries and testes, but they develop from the stem cell phase to the mature cell phase at different rates and at different

Germ Cells

Ovaries and testes produce ____ and _______, which mature into ovum and sperm,

Oogonia & Spermatogonia

What will happen if ovaries were irradiated?

5 Gyt - Sterility 100 mGyt - Delayed Menstruation 2 Gyt - Temporary Sterility

Most institutions had a radiation safety regulation such that, if the leukocytes were depressed by greater than __% of normal level, the employee was given time off or was assigned to nonradiation activities until the count returned to normal

25%

Hemopoietic System BCL

• bone marrow • circulating blood • lymphoid tissue.

LYMPHOID TISSUES LST

- lymph nodes - spleen - thymus

PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL All cells of the hemopoietic system apparently develop from a single type of stem cell. LGTE

Lymphocytes, Granulocytes, Thrombocytes Erythrocytes

radiation effects are - Rapid rise in # followed by rapid decrease & slower decrease - Recovery takes 2 months

Granulocytes

radiation effects are - Decrease in platelets occurs slowly due to longer time for precursor cell to reach maturity. - Minimum level - 30 days & recovery - 2 months

Thrombocytes

radiation effects are - Less sensitive than other blood cells - very long lifetime in peripheral blood. - Total recovery may take 6 months to a year.

Erythrocytes

cause chromosome aberrations

High doses of radiation

follows Nonthreshold relationship

Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations

study of the genetic of cells particularly cell chromosomes

Cytogenic

Under Unneccesary Examination _________ should not be performed when there is no precise medical indication

Routine examination

Under Hospital Admission - should not be performed for routine hospital admission when no clinical indication of disease is found

Chest X-ray examinations

Chest & lower back x-ray examination are not justified during?

Pre-Employment Physical

• It should not include x-ray examination for asymptomatic patient, especially fluoroscopic examination

Periodic Health Examination

Overutilization must be controlled in?

Emergency Room CT

this should not be done

WHOLE-BODY MULTISLICE SPIRAL CT SCREENING

Repeat Rate: • All examination - _% • Busy Hospital - should not exceed _ %

- 10% - 5%

Highest Repeat Rate Examination Areas : LTA

- lumbar, - thoracic - abdomen

Repeat Rate Examination: Caused by? RE

• Radiologic technologist error (most common) • Equipment malfunction

It should never be necessary to repeat a digital radiographic examination. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

14 Responsible For Repeats

• Poor radiographic technique • Chemical fog • Primary • Artifacts • Too light or too dark • Wrong projection • Motion • Improper patient • Improper collimation preparation • Dirty screens • Grid errors • Improperly loaded cassettes • Multiple exposures • Light leaks

Higher kVp: reduces mAs Results: RT

• Reduced patient dose • Too low contrast

• Essential to good radiographic technique

PROPER COLLIMATION

Results of Proper Collimation RIES

• Reduced effective dose • Improved image quality • Enhance contrast resolution • Scatter radiation is reduced (rationale)

During Patient Positioning • what Examination? • Seated Position: the useful beam should not intercept the _____ • To Avoid: patient in ____ position with a protective apron

- upper extremities & breast examination - gonads - lateral

Indicated when a particularly sensitive tissue or organ is in or near the useful beam • Its Two Types:

- Specific Area Shielding - Contact & Shadow Shied

Shields that are flat & are placed directly on the patient's gonads Examples?: LGB

Contact Shield Lead shield Gonad shield Breast shield

• Shields that is suspended over the region of interest • It casts a shadow over the patient's reproductive organs • More acceptable for use with adult patients • Improper Positioning of Shield

Shadow Shield

Results of Shadow Shield RI • Application?:

• Repeat examinations • Increased patient dose - Surgery

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

E · 55問 · 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

55問 • 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

20問 • 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

E · 29問 · 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

29問 • 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

E · 33問 · 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

33問 • 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

E · 42問 · 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

42問 • 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

RPC L2

RPC L2

RPC L3

RPC L3

RPC L4

RPC L4

ALE

ALE

RPC L5

RPC L5

RPC M1

RPC M1

RPC M1/2

RPC M1/2

RPC M2

RPC M2

RPC M2.5

RPC M2.5

RPC M3

RPC M3

問題一覧

Central Nervous System Death requires radiation doses in excess of ___ and results in death within _______

- 50 Gyt (5000 rad) - hours

2 types of death follow lower exposures and require a longer time for death to occur.

Hematologic death and Gastrointestinal death

produced by 2-10 Gyt (200-1000 rad)

Hematologic Syndrome

Px initially experience mild symptoms of _______ ______, which appear in a matter of a few hours and may persist for several days.

Prodromal Syndrome

Radiation doses of approximately 10 to 50 Gyt (1000-5000 rad) result in the what syndrome?

Gastrointestinal Syndrome

During GI Syndrome _______ therapy cannot prevent the rapid progression of symptoms that ultimately leads to death within _____ of exposure.

- Supportive - 4-10 days

During GI Syndrome -The manifest illness period begins with what? NDAL

- Nausea - Diarrhea - Anorexia - Lethargic

signs and symptoms of this occurring syndrome that lead to death within a matter of hours to days.

CNS Syndrome

2 Periods Associated with Radiation

- Prodromal Period - Latent Period

Symptoms of Early Radiation Sickness NVDL

- Nausea - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Leukopenia

when radiation doses approximately 1 Gyt (100 rad) are delivered to the whole body symptoms might appear within minutes to hours.

Prodromal Period

Latent Period

dose necessary to produce a given syndrome and the mean survival time are the principle quantitative measures of human radiation lethality

Manifest Illness

characterized by possible vomiting, mild diarrhea, malaise, lethargy, and fever.

Manifest Illness

- 2-4 weeks - 6 months

As the whole-body radiation dose increases, the average time between exposure and death decreases. This time is known as

Mean Survival Time

- higher - partial body

______ is the shrinkage of an organ or tissue caused by cell death. ___________ results in the earliest manifestation of radiation injury to the skin.

- Atrophy - Damage to basal cells

Erythema • These skin effects follow a what kind of relationship?

Nonlinear threshold dose response relationship

• _______ of x-radiation do not cause erythema. • _______ of x-radiation cause erythema in all persons so irradiated

- Small doses - Extremely high doses

• Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with superficial x-rays has shown that the skin erythema dose required to affect 50% of those irradiated is about?

5 Gyt

• Another response of the skin to radiation exposure is EMD

- epilation or loss of hair - Moist desquamation - desquamation

critically important target organs. As an example of local tissue effects, they are particularly sensitive to radiation. Responses to doses as low as 100 mGyt have been observed.

Human Gonads

these organs produce the germ cells that control fertility and heredity, their response to radiation has been studied extensively.

Human Gonads

Under Gametogenesis - are produced by both ovaries and testes, but they develop from the stem cell phase to the mature cell phase at different rates and at different

Germ Cells

Ovaries and testes produce ____ and _______, which mature into ovum and sperm,

Oogonia & Spermatogonia

What will happen if ovaries were irradiated?

5 Gyt - Sterility 100 mGyt - Delayed Menstruation 2 Gyt - Temporary Sterility

25%

Hemopoietic System BCL

• bone marrow • circulating blood • lymphoid tissue.

LYMPHOID TISSUES LST

- lymph nodes - spleen - thymus

PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL All cells of the hemopoietic system apparently develop from a single type of stem cell. LGTE

Lymphocytes, Granulocytes, Thrombocytes Erythrocytes

radiation effects are - Rapid rise in # followed by rapid decrease & slower decrease - Recovery takes 2 months

Granulocytes

radiation effects are - Decrease in platelets occurs slowly due to longer time for precursor cell to reach maturity. - Minimum level - 30 days & recovery - 2 months

Thrombocytes

radiation effects are - Less sensitive than other blood cells - very long lifetime in peripheral blood. - Total recovery may take 6 months to a year.

Erythrocytes

cause chromosome aberrations

High doses of radiation

follows Nonthreshold relationship

Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations

study of the genetic of cells particularly cell chromosomes

Cytogenic

Under Unneccesary Examination _________ should not be performed when there is no precise medical indication

Routine examination

Under Hospital Admission - should not be performed for routine hospital admission when no clinical indication of disease is found

Chest X-ray examinations

Chest & lower back x-ray examination are not justified during?

Pre-Employment Physical

• It should not include x-ray examination for asymptomatic patient, especially fluoroscopic examination

Periodic Health Examination

Overutilization must be controlled in?

Emergency Room CT

this should not be done

WHOLE-BODY MULTISLICE SPIRAL CT SCREENING

Repeat Rate: • All examination - _% • Busy Hospital - should not exceed _ %

- 10% - 5%

Highest Repeat Rate Examination Areas : LTA

- lumbar, - thoracic - abdomen

Repeat Rate Examination: Caused by? RE

• Radiologic technologist error (most common) • Equipment malfunction

It should never be necessary to repeat a digital radiographic examination. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

14 Responsible For Repeats

Higher kVp: reduces mAs Results: RT

• Reduced patient dose • Too low contrast

• Essential to good radiographic technique

PROPER COLLIMATION

Results of Proper Collimation RIES

• Reduced effective dose • Improved image quality • Enhance contrast resolution • Scatter radiation is reduced (rationale)

During Patient Positioning • what Examination? • Seated Position: the useful beam should not intercept the _____ • To Avoid: patient in ____ position with a protective apron

- upper extremities & breast examination - gonads - lateral

Indicated when a particularly sensitive tissue or organ is in or near the useful beam • Its Two Types:

- Specific Area Shielding - Contact & Shadow Shied

Shields that are flat & are placed directly on the patient's gonads Examples?: LGB

Contact Shield Lead shield Gonad shield Breast shield

Shadow Shield

Results of Shadow Shield RI • Application?:

• Repeat examinations • Increased patient dose - Surgery