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47問 • 7ヶ月前

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The fluid and electrolyte balance in the body is called .

Homeostasis

one of the important constituents ofour body fluid, which constitutes about 7% of body weight

Blood

also known as intravenous solutions, are supplemental fluids used in intravenous therapy to restore or maintain normal fluid volume and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible.

Intravenous fluids

are homogeneous non-crystalline substances containing large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed ni asecond substance.

Colloids

aqueous solutions of salts or minerals that can be crystallized.

Crystalloids

Categorize 3 IV fluids based on their TONICITY HIH

- Hypertonic - Isotonic - Hypotonic

solutions that exert the same osmotic pressure as that of plasma • Normal saline 0.9% • Ringers lactate • Blood components

Isotonic

A solution that exerts less osmotic pressure than that of blood plasma • Dextrose 5% and water

Hypotonic

The solution exerts higher osmotic pressure than that of plasma e.g.

Hypertonic

5 IV Solutions can also be CLASSIFIED on their PURPOSE NEAAV

- Nutrient Solutions - Electrolyte Solutions - Alkalinizing Solutions - Acidifying Solutions - Volume Expanders

• May contain dextrose, glucose, and levulose to make up the carbohydrate component - and water. • useful in preventing dehydration and ketosis. Examples include DSW, D5NSS.

Nutrient solutions

Contains varying amounts of cations and anions that are used to replace fluid and electrolytes for clients with continuing losses. Examples include 0.9 NaCl, Ringer's Solution, and LRS.

Electrolyte solutions

Are administered to treat metabolic acidosis. Examples: LRS.

Alkalinizing solutions

Are used to counteract metabolic alkalosis. D51/2NS, 0.9 NaCl.

Acidifying solutions

Are solutions used to increase the blood volume after a severe blood loss, or loss of plasma. Examples are dextran, human albumin, and plasma.

Volume expanders

COMPONENTS OF FLUIDS • Saline solution - water and electrolyte. • Dextrose solution -water or saline and sugar. • Ringers lactate -water and electrolyte and sugar. • Balance isotonic -It has water, electrolyte and some sugar. • Whole blood and blood components. Plasma expanders - albumin, dextrin, plasma, protein fraction plasmanate)

REVIEW

When infused, ______ _____ expand both the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid spaces, equally. Such fluids do not alter the osmolality of the vascular compartment.

Isotonic solutions

is a crystalloid isotonic VI fluid that contains water, sodium (154 mEq/L), and chloride (154 mEq/L).

NSS 0.9% NaCl

is the isotonic solution of choice for expanding the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume because it does not enter the intracellular fluid (ICF).

Normal saline

It is administered to supply water and to correct an increase in serum osmolality. It should not be used for fluid resuscitation because hyperglycaemia can result. It should also be avoided to be used in clients at risk for increased intracranial pressure as it can cause cerebral oedema.

D5W

• crystalloid isotonic IV fluid designed to be the near-physiological solution of balanced electrolytes • it also contains bicarbonate precursors to prevent acidosis. It does not provide calories or magnesium and has limited potassium replacement. It is the most physiologically adaptable fluid because its electrolyte content is most closely related to the composition of the body's blood serum and plasma.

Lactated Ringer’s D5W

The general nursing interventions and considerations when administering isotonic solutions: • Documentbaselinedata. Before infusion, assess the patient's vital signs, edema status, lung sounds, and heart sounds. Continue monitoring during and after the infusion. • Observeforsignsoffluidoverload. Look for signs of hypervolemia such as hypertension, bounding pulse, pulmonary crackles, dyspnea, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, jugular venous distention, and extra heart sounds. • Monitormanifestationsofcontinuedhypovolemia. Look for signs that indicate continued hypovolemia such as, decreased urine output, poor skin turgor, tachycardia, weak pulse, and hypotension. • Prevent hypervolemia. Patients being treated for hypovolemia can quickly develop fluid overload following rapid or over infusion of isotonic VI fluids. • Elevatetheheadofthebedat35to45degrees. Unless contraindicated, position the client in semi-Fowler's position. Elevatethepatient'slegs.If edema is present, elevate the legs of the patient to promote venous return. Educatepatients and families. Teach patients and families to recognize signs and symptoms of fluid volume overload. Instruct patients to notify their nurse if they have trouble breathing or notice any swelling. • Closemonitoringforpatientswithheartfailure.Because isotonic fluids expand the intravascular space, patients with hypertension and heart failure should be carefully monitored for signs of fluid overload

STUDY

solution derived from plasma and is a commonly utilized colloid solution. It is used to increase the circulating volume and restore protein levels ni conditions such as burns, pancreatitis, and plasma loss through trauma.

5% Albumin

used together with sodium and water restriction to reduce excessive oedema. They are considered blood transfusion products and uses the same protocols and nursing precautions when administering albumin.

25% Albumin

polysaccharides that act as colloids. - available in either saline or glucose solutions. Dextran interferes with blood crossmatching, so draw the patient's blood before administering dextran, if crossmatching is anticipated.

Dextrans

contains polysaccharide molecules that behave like colloids with an average molecular weight. - used to improve the microcirculation in patients with poor peripheral circulation. They contain no electrolytes and are used to treat shock related to vascular volume loss

LMWD

used for patients with hypovolemia and hypotension. They are contraindicated in patients with hemorrhagic shock.

HMWD

These solutions are derived from starch and are used to increase intravascular fluid but can interfere with normal coagulation.

Etherfied starch

have lower molecular weight than dextrans and therefore remain in the circulation for a shorter period of time.

Gelatin

solution that is also prepared from plasma, and like albumin, is heated before infusion. It is recommended to infuse slowly to increase circulating volume.

Plasma Protein Fraction

It is the science that deals with the effects of drugs on living system

Pharmacology

'any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient'

Drug

movement of the drug within the body it includes the processes of absorption (A), distribution (D), metabolism (M) and excretion (E). It means 'what the body does to the drug.

Pharmacokinetics

study of drugs-their mechanism of action, pharmacological actions and their adverse effects, It covers all the aspects relating to what the drug does to the body".

Pharmacodynamics

branch of science that deals with the preparation, preservation, standardization, compounding and proper utilization of drugs.

Pharmacy

It is the aspect of medicine that is concerned with the treatment of diseases.

Therapeutics

deals with the treatment of infectious diseases/cancer with chemical compounds that have relatively selective toxicity for the infecting organism/ cancer cells

Chemotherapy

study of poisons, their actions, detection, prevention and the treatment of poisoning.

Toxicology

systematic study of a drug in humans-both in healthy volunteers and patients. It includes the evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, safety, effi cacy and adverse effects of a drug by comparative clinical trials.

Clinical pharmacology

those that satisfy the healthcare needs of majority of the population". They should be of assured quality, available at all times in adequate quantities and in appropriate dosage forms.

Essential medicine

Drugs that are used for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of rare diseases. The expenses incurred during the development, manufacture and marketing of drug cannot be recovered from selling the drugs by the pharmaceutical company,

Orphan drugs

can be sold to a patient without the need for a doctor's prescription, e.B. paracetamol, antacids, etc.

OTC Drugs

These are the drugs that can be obtained only upon producing a prescription by a registered medical practitioner, e.g. antibiotics, antipsychotics, etc.

Prescription drugs

6 DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DRUGS PAMMSS

- Plants - Animals - Minerals - Microorganisms - Semisynthetic - Synthetic

what Systemic route: Inhalation, Injections, Transderma.

Parenteral

what Systemic route: : Oral, Sublingual, Rectal etc.

Enteral

Routes are mainly categorised into L&S

Local and Systemic Local - administration of a drug at the site where the desired action is required

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前