M3 | 暗記メーカー

M3

60問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Before beginning any procedure, the radiographer should assess the patient’s?

Level of Consciousness

- used to assess neurological functioning based on eye-opening, motor response, and verbal response. The maximum score a patient can achieve on this is __ points, and a score of less than __ indicates a comatose patient.

Glasgow Coma Scale 15 pts 8 pts

3 General Assessment in LOC (ANA)

- Ask patient to state certain items - Note px ability to follow directions - Assess px vital signs

- body's pathologic reaction to illness, trauma, or severe physiologic or emotional stress - all types diminish the oxygen supply to the body's tissues and organs

Shock

What stage of shock is this? 1. Cold and clammy skin 2. Nausea and dizziness 3. Increased respirations (shortness of breath [SOB]) 4. Anxiety level increases; patient may begin to be uncooperative 5. Blood pressure is decreased, and pulse rate is increased

Compensatory Stage

What stage of shock is this? 1. decreased bp with an increase in pulse rate. 2. Respirations are rapid and shallow 3. Pulmonary capillaries leak fluid into the lungs, causing severe pulmonary edema, known as acute respiratory distress or shock lung 4. Tachycardia results and may be as rapid as 150 beats per minute. 5. Chest pain may occur. 6. Mental status begins to change with subtle behavior alterations such as confusion with progression to lethargy and loss of consciousness. 7.Renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and hematologic problems

Progressive Stage

What stage of shock is this? 1. Low blood pressure. 2. Renal and liver failure. 3. Release of necrotic tissue toxins and overwhelming lactic acidosis.

Irreversible Stage

Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a loss of __% to __% of intravascular fluid volume

15-25%

Hypovolemic shock may be caused by? IPF

- Internal or external hemorrhage - Plasma loss from burns - Fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhea, or medications

What class is this? Blood pressure is within normal limits, heart rate is less than 100 beats per minute, respiration is between 14 and 20 breaths per minute.

Class 1 (15% Blood Loss)

What class is this? Blood pressure is within normal limits, heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute, respiration is between 20 and 30 breaths per minute

Class 2 (15-30% Blood Loss)

What class is this? Blood pressure decreases below normal limits, heart rate is greater than 120 beats per minute, respirations increase to 30 to 40 breaths per minute

Class 3 (30-40% Blood Loss)

What class is this? Systolic blood pressure decreases to 90-60 mm Hg, heart rate is tachycardic with a weak and thready pulse, respiration is greater than 40 breaths per minute.

Class 4 (more than 40% Blood Loss)

If left untreated, hypovolemic shock can lead to ____ and ___ failure.

- Cardiac - Respiratory

Other symptoms of what? • Excessive thirst • Cold extremities • Cold, clammy skin • Cyanosis, starting at the lips and nail

Hypovolemic Shock

- the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It's an indicator of the stroke volume of the heart, which is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction. - A decrease in pulse pressure can indicate hypovolemic shock.

Pulse Pressure

- caused by failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the vital organs • The onset of cardiogenic shock may be gradual, or it may occur suddenly.

Cardiogenic Shock

_______ infarction as the death of heart tissue resulting from a lack of oxygenated blood flow. _______ is defined as an irregularity in the heartbeat.

- Myocardial Infarction - Dysrhytmia

caused by a blockage of blood flow back to the heart or through the lungs examples: • Cardiac tamponade • Pulmonary embolus • Pulmonary hypertension • Arterial stenosis • Constrictive pericarditis • Tumors that are blocking blood flow through the heart

Obstructive shock

These are clinical manifestations of what? • Chest pain, which may radiate to the jaw and arms • Dizziness and respiratory distress • Cyanosis • Restlessness and anxiety • Rapid change in the level of consciousness • Irregular and slow pulse, or tachycardia and tachypnea • Decreasing blood pressure • Decreasing urinary output • Cool, clammy skin

Cardiogenic Shock

- characterized by the inability of the blood vessels to constrict, which hinders their ability to assist in the return of blood to the heart. This pooling of blood leads to decreased blood pressure and decreased tissue perfusion. - occur as a result of the loss of sympathetic tone.

Distributive Shock

3 types of Distributive Shock NSA

1. Neurogenic shock 2. Septic shock 3. Anaphylactic shock

type of distributive shock that results from the loss of sympathetic tone, causing vasodilation of peripheral vessels. can be caused by: • Spinal cord injury • Severe pain • Neurologic damage • The depressant action of medication • A lack of glucose (as in an insulin reaction or shock) • The adverse effects of anesthesia

Neurogenic Shock

These are clinical manifestations of? • Hypotension • Bradycardia • Warm, dry skin • Initial alertness if the patient is not unconscious due to a head injury • Cool extremities and diminishing peripheral pulses

Neurogenic Shock

caused by an infection, which causes the body to release chemicals that increase capillary permeability and vasodilation. Gram-negative bacteria are the most common cause,

Septic Shock

What phase of septic shock is this? • Hot, dry, flushed skin • Increased heart rate and respiratory rate • Fever (may not be present in elderly patients) • Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea • Normal to excessive urine output • Possible confusion (most common in elderly patients)

1st phase

What phase of septic shock is this? • Cool, pale skin • Normal or subnormal temperature • Drop in blood pressure • Rapid heart rate and respiratory rate • Oliguria or anuria • Seizures and organ failure (if the syndrome is not reversed)

2nd phase

- most frequent type of shock encountered in diagnostic imaging departments - occurs when a patient's immune system overreacts to an allergen

Anaphylactic Shock

Anaphylaxis can occur through multiple routes of exposure: SRGI

• Skin • Respiratory tract • Gastrointestinal tract • Injection

these 2 can cause: • Widespread vasodilation, leading to peripheral pooling of blood. • Contraction of nonvascular smooth muscles, especially those in the respiratory tract.

Histamine & Bradykinin

What clinical manifestation of anaphylactic shock is this? • Nasal congestion • Periorbital swelling • Itching • Sneezing • Tearing of the eyes • Peripheral tingling or itching at the site of injection • Feeling of fullness or tightness in the chest, mouth, or throat Feeling of anxiety or nervousness

Mild Systemic Reaction

What clinical mnfestation of allergy is this? • Flushing • Feeling of warmth • Urticaria (hives) • Bronchospasm • Edema of the airways or larynx • Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) • Cough

Moderate Systemic Reaction

What clincl manifestation of allergy is this? • Decreasing blood pressure • Weak, thready pulse (may be rapid or shallow) • Rapid progression to bronchospasm • Laryngeal edema • Severe dyspnea • Cyanosis • Dysphasia (difficulty speaking) • Abdominal cramping • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Seizures • Respiratory arrest Cardiac arrest

Severe Systemic Reaction

Medications typically administered for anaphylactic shock include: EDHA

• Epinephrine • Diphenhydramine • Hydrocortisone • Aminophylline

blockage of one or more pulmonary arteries by a blood clot (thrombus).

Pulmonary Embolism

These are signs of? • Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) • Apprehension • Cough and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) • Diaphoresis (sweating) • Syncope (fainting) • Hypotension (low blood pressure) • Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin) • Rapidly changing levels of consciousness • Coma • Sudden death

Pulmonary Embolism

typically seen in type 1 diabetes, arises from insufficient insulin production, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). To compensate, the kidneys try to excrete excess glucose along with water and electrolytes. This process can result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

These are clinical manifestations of what? Clinical Manifestations • Tachycardia • Headache • Blurred or double vision • Extreme thirst • Sweet odor to the breath

Diabetes

(HHNS): More common in type 2 diabetes.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome

occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This lack of blood flow can be caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the rupture of a blood vessel

Cerebrovascular Accident

these are clinical manifestation of? Clinical Manifestation • Possible severe headache • Numbness • Muscle weakness or flaccidity of face or extremities, usually one sided • Eye deviation, usually one sided; possible loss of vision • Confusion • Dizziness or stupor • Difficult speech (dysphasia) or no speech (aphasia) • Ataxia • May complain of stiff neck • Nausea or vomiting may occur • Loss of consciousness

CVA (Stroke)

When the heart ceases to beat effectively, the blood can no longer circulate throughout the body, and the person no longer has an effective pulse

Cardiac Arrest

These are Clinical Manifestations of what? • Loss of consciousness, pulse, and blood pressure • Dilation of the pupils within seconds • Possibility of seizures

Cardiac Arrest

may precede respiratory arrest. Whatever the cause, gas exchange is no longer adequate to meet the needs of the body.

Respiratory Dysfunction

Clinical Manifestations of what? • Labored, noisy breathing • Wheezing • Use of accessory muscles of the neck, abdomen, or chest on inspiration • Neck vein distention • Diaphoresis • Anxiety • Cyanosis of the lips and nail beds • Possibly a productive cough with pink-tinged frothy sputum

Partially Obstructed Airway

Clinical manifestations of what? • The patient stops responding. • The pulse continues to beat briefly and then quickly becomes weak and stops. • Chest movement stops, and no air is detectable moving through the patient's mouth.

Respiratory Arrest

This type of accident occurs most often in the elderly, the very young, or the intoxicated while eating.

Airway Obstruction

unsystematic discharge of neurons of the cerebrum that results in an abrupt alteration in brain

Seizure

what clinical manifestation of seizure is this? • May utter a sharp cry as air is rapidly exhaled • Muscles become rigid and eyes open wide • May exhibit jerky body movements and rapid, irregular respirations • May vomit • May froth and have blood-streaked saliva caused by biting the lips or tongue • May exhibit urinary or fecal incontinence • Usually falls into a deep sleep after the seizure

Generalized Seizures

What clinical manifestation of seizure is this? • Patient may remain motionless or may experience an excessive emotional outburst of fear, crying, or anger. • Patient may manifest facial grimacing, lip smacking, swallowing movements, or panting. • Patient will be confused for several minutes after the episode with no memory of the incident.

Complex Partial Seizure

what clinical manifestation of seizure is this? Only a finger or a hand may shake • Patient may speak unintelligibly • Patient may be dizzy • Patient may sense strange odors, tastes, or sounds • Patient will not lose consciousness

Simple Partial Seizure

transient loss of consciousness, which usually results from an insufficient blood supply to the brain. Heart disease, hunger, poor ventilation, extreme fatigue, and emotional trauma are all possible causes.

Syncope

abnormally low blood pressure occurring when a person stands up before the blood pooled in the extremities has time to circulate to the upper body.

Orthostatic Hypotension

These are clinical manifestations of what? • Pallor, complaints of dizziness, and nausea • Hyperpnea, tachycardia • Cold, clammy skin

Syncope

Factors to consider when assesing pain: SCS

Subjectivity of Pain • Communication Barriers • Stoicism

5 Factors Influencing Pain Perception: GAFAC

• Gender • Anxiety and Stress • Fatigue • Age • Culture

What medical emergency has this? Various underlying causes, including: • Chemical Abuse • Psychosis • Confusion Due to Stress or Illness

Agitated or Confused Patient

significantly impair a patient's judgment, coordination, and ability to cooperate, requiring radiographers to exercise heightened caution and adapt their communication and care strategies accordingly.

Intoxication

If an intoxicated patient becomes increasingly uncooperative or combative, the sources these are the following actions: SPM

Seek Assistance: •Postpone the Procedure: •Maintain a Safe Distance:

Types of Seizures

- Generalized Seizure - Partial: Complex & Simple

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

E · 55問 · 2年前

reproductive academic weaponizer

55問 • 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前

cells prelim acad weaponizer

24問 • 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

respiratory/body cavities prelim acad weaponizer

20問 • 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

E · 29問 · 2年前

integumentary prelim acad weaponizer

29問 • 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

E · 33問 · 2年前

skeletal prelim acad weaponizer

33問 • 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

E · 42問 · 2年前

tissue prelim acad weaponizer

42問 • 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

E · 20問 · 2年前

membrane prelim acad weaponizer

RPC L2

RPC L2

RPC L3

RPC L3

RPC L4

RPC L4

ALE

ALE

RPC L5

RPC L5

RPC M1

RPC M1

RPC M1/2

RPC M1/2

RPC M2

RPC M2

RPC M2.5

RPC M2.5

RPC M3

RPC M3

問題一覧

Before beginning any procedure, the radiographer should assess the patient’s?

Level of Consciousness

Glasgow Coma Scale 15 pts 8 pts

3 General Assessment in LOC (ANA)

- Ask patient to state certain items - Note px ability to follow directions - Assess px vital signs

- body's pathologic reaction to illness, trauma, or severe physiologic or emotional stress - all types diminish the oxygen supply to the body's tissues and organs

Shock

Compensatory Stage

Progressive Stage

What stage of shock is this? 1. Low blood pressure. 2. Renal and liver failure. 3. Release of necrotic tissue toxins and overwhelming lactic acidosis.

Irreversible Stage

Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a loss of __% to __% of intravascular fluid volume

15-25%

Hypovolemic shock may be caused by? IPF

- Internal or external hemorrhage - Plasma loss from burns - Fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhea, or medications

What class is this? Blood pressure is within normal limits, heart rate is less than 100 beats per minute, respiration is between 14 and 20 breaths per minute.

Class 1 (15% Blood Loss)

What class is this? Blood pressure is within normal limits, heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute, respiration is between 20 and 30 breaths per minute

Class 2 (15-30% Blood Loss)

What class is this? Blood pressure decreases below normal limits, heart rate is greater than 120 beats per minute, respirations increase to 30 to 40 breaths per minute

Class 3 (30-40% Blood Loss)

What class is this? Systolic blood pressure decreases to 90-60 mm Hg, heart rate is tachycardic with a weak and thready pulse, respiration is greater than 40 breaths per minute.

Class 4 (more than 40% Blood Loss)

If left untreated, hypovolemic shock can lead to ____ and ___ failure.

- Cardiac - Respiratory

Other symptoms of what? • Excessive thirst • Cold extremities • Cold, clammy skin • Cyanosis, starting at the lips and nail

Hypovolemic Shock

Pulse Pressure

- caused by failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the vital organs • The onset of cardiogenic shock may be gradual, or it may occur suddenly.

Cardiogenic Shock

_______ infarction as the death of heart tissue resulting from a lack of oxygenated blood flow. _______ is defined as an irregularity in the heartbeat.

- Myocardial Infarction - Dysrhytmia

Obstructive shock

Cardiogenic Shock

Distributive Shock

3 types of Distributive Shock NSA

1. Neurogenic shock 2. Septic shock 3. Anaphylactic shock

Neurogenic Shock

caused by an infection, which causes the body to release chemicals that increase capillary permeability and vasodilation. Gram-negative bacteria are the most common cause,

Septic Shock

1st phase

2nd phase

- most frequent type of shock encountered in diagnostic imaging departments - occurs when a patient's immune system overreacts to an allergen

Anaphylactic Shock

Anaphylaxis can occur through multiple routes of exposure: SRGI

• Skin • Respiratory tract • Gastrointestinal tract • Injection

these 2 can cause: • Widespread vasodilation, leading to peripheral pooling of blood. • Contraction of nonvascular smooth muscles, especially those in the respiratory tract.

Histamine & Bradykinin

Mild Systemic Reaction

What clinical mnfestation of allergy is this? • Flushing • Feeling of warmth • Urticaria (hives) • Bronchospasm • Edema of the airways or larynx • Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) • Cough

Moderate Systemic Reaction

Severe Systemic Reaction

Medications typically administered for anaphylactic shock include: EDHA

• Epinephrine • Diphenhydramine • Hydrocortisone • Aminophylline

blockage of one or more pulmonary arteries by a blood clot (thrombus).

Pulmonary Embolism

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

These are clinical manifestations of what? Clinical Manifestations • Tachycardia • Headache • Blurred or double vision • Extreme thirst • Sweet odor to the breath

Diabetes

(HHNS): More common in type 2 diabetes.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome

Cerebrovascular Accident

CVA (Stroke)

When the heart ceases to beat effectively, the blood can no longer circulate throughout the body, and the person no longer has an effective pulse

Cardiac Arrest

These are Clinical Manifestations of what? • Loss of consciousness, pulse, and blood pressure • Dilation of the pupils within seconds • Possibility of seizures

Cardiac Arrest

may precede respiratory arrest. Whatever the cause, gas exchange is no longer adequate to meet the needs of the body.

Respiratory Dysfunction

Partially Obstructed Airway

Respiratory Arrest

This type of accident occurs most often in the elderly, the very young, or the intoxicated while eating.

Airway Obstruction

unsystematic discharge of neurons of the cerebrum that results in an abrupt alteration in brain

Seizure

Generalized Seizures

Complex Partial Seizure

Simple Partial Seizure

Syncope

abnormally low blood pressure occurring when a person stands up before the blood pooled in the extremities has time to circulate to the upper body.

Orthostatic Hypotension

These are clinical manifestations of what? • Pallor, complaints of dizziness, and nausea • Hyperpnea, tachycardia • Cold, clammy skin

Syncope

Factors to consider when assesing pain: SCS

Subjectivity of Pain • Communication Barriers • Stoicism

5 Factors Influencing Pain Perception: GAFAC

• Gender • Anxiety and Stress • Fatigue • Age • Culture

What medical emergency has this? Various underlying causes, including: • Chemical Abuse • Psychosis • Confusion Due to Stress or Illness

Agitated or Confused Patient

Intoxication

If an intoxicated patient becomes increasingly uncooperative or combative, the sources these are the following actions: SPM

Seek Assistance: •Postpone the Procedure: •Maintain a Safe Distance:

Types of Seizures

- Generalized Seizure - Partial: Complex & Simple