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instrument used to measure blood pressure

Sphygmomanometer

Normal Body Temperature

36.5 to 37.5 degree Celsius

Normal blood pressure

90/60 mm Hg to 120/80 mm Hg

Normal pulse

60-100 beats per minute

Normal respiratory rate

12-18 breaths per minute

Extraneous sounds heard during the taking of a blood pressure and may be a tapping, knocking, or swishing sound

Korotkoff Sounds

also known as cardinal signs, including BODY TEMPERATURE, PULSE RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE & BLOOD PRESSURE, insights into a patient’s physiological status

Vital Signs

physiological balance between heat production within body tissues and heat loss to the environment.

Body Temperature

when body temperature is elevated above normal limits

Pyrexia

when body temperature is below normal limits

Hypothermia

Factors Affecting Body Temperature TAEPEHDDI

- Time Of Day (low in morning, high in evening) - Age (children have higher avg temp than adults) - Environment - Physical Exercise (increase metabolism & heat production) - Emotions (can cause tempo increase in body temperature) - Hormone Levels - Digestion (digestion of food can increase temp) - Disease (infections can manifest as fever) - Injury (trauma can lead to fever)

Measuring Body Temperature OTAR

- Oral Temperature (37*C) - Tympanic Temperature - Axillary Temperature (36.4*C to 36.7*C) - Rectal Temperature (37.5*C)

Alternative Temperature Measurement Devices TSP & TAT

- Temperature-Sensitive Patches (placed on abdomen/forehead) - Temporal Artery Thermometers (scan forehead & back of ear)

Point where bp is often measured

Brachial artery

means oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.

SAO

means or refers to amount of oxygen in blood

Pao2

means the fraction of inspired oxygen in the air thus 21% in the breathable atmosphere

FIO2

throbbing sensation felt in the arteries as blood is pumped through them by heart’s contractions

Pulse

Areas/Types of Pulse ARC FPT DPB

- Apical Pulse - Radial Pulse - Carotid Pulse - Femoral Pulse - Popliteal Pulse - Temporal Pulse - Dorsalis pedis pulse - Posterior tibial pulse - Brachial pulse

- pulse over the apex of the heart (heard with a stethoscope) - pulse at the wrists at the base of the thumb

Apical pulse Radial pulse

- pulse over the artery at the front of the neck - pulse over the artery in the groin

- Carotid pulse - Femoral pulse

- pulse at the posterior surface of the knee - pulse over the artery in front of the ear

Popliteal pulse Temporal pulse

- pulse at top of the feet in line with the groove between the extensor tendons of the great and the second toe (may be congenitally absent) - pulse at on the inner side of the ankles - pulse in the groove between the biceps and the triceps muscles above the elbow at the antecubital fossa

- Dorsalis pedis pulse - Posterior tibial pulse - Brachial pulse

in the groove between the biceps and the triceps muscles above the elbow at the antecubital fossa

Brachial pulse

Pulse Abnormalities TB

- Tachycardia - Bradycardia

abnormally rapid heart rate over 100 bpm in adults

Tachycardia

abnormally slow heart rate below 60 bpm in adults

Bradycardia

Factors Influencing Pulse Rate APMEM

- Age - Physical Activity - Medications - Emotional State - Medical Conditions

process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between body and environment

Respiration

THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS IGE

1. Inhalation (Inspiration) 2. Gas Exchange 3. Exhalation (Expiration)

ASSESSING RESPIRATION RPDQ

- Respiratory Rate (number of breaths a person takes per minute) - Pattern (regularity and rhythm of breathing) - Depth (how much air is inhaled and exhaled) - Quality (refers to effort and sound of breathing)

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate APMM

- Age - Physical Activity - Medical Conditions - Medications

Respiratory Abnormalities DCA

* Dyspnea - difficulty breathing * Cyanosis - bluish discoloration of skin * Abnormal Respiratory Patterns - irregular or labored breathing gasping, wheezing

responsible in recognizing signs of respiratory distress and responding appropriately.

Radiographer

the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels as it circulates throughout the body.

Blood pressure

TWO KEY MEASUREMENTS OF BP

Systolic and Diastolic

- elevated blood pressure - low blood pressur

- Hypertension - Hypotension

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure provides insight into the stroke volume of the heart, which is the amount of blood pumped out by the left ventricle with each contraction. when this is decreased, can indicate a problem with the heart’s ability to pump effectively, such as hypovolemic shock

Pulse Pressure

IMPORTANCE OF OXYGEN PCE

Physiological Need Constant Supply Emergency Situations

Oxygen’s Journey Through the Body LH

- Lungs’ Role - responsible for supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. - Hemoglobin’s Role - amount of oxygen is carried in solution in the blood, the majority is transported in chemical combination with hemoglobin

refers to the amount of oxygen the blood can carry, expressed as a percentage of volume.

Oxygen Capacity

written as Po2, refers to the amount of oxygen in either air or blood.

Oxygen Tension

- condition that occurs when the level of oxygen in the arterial blood becomes inadequate - when carbon dioxide (CO2) is retained in the arterial blood

Hypoxemia Hypercapnia

a noninvasive tool used to monitor the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (Sao2). It provides a rapid assessment of oxygen levels, particularly useful for detecting sudden changes.

Pulse oximeter

Normal Sao2 levels are Abnormal Sao2 levels are

• 95-100% • below 85%

The rate at which oxygen is delivered is measured in liters per minute(LPM) and is determined by the physician based on the patient's needs.

Flow Rate

essential in diagnosing chest pathology and also to determine the placement of endotracheal tubes and hemodynamic devices.

Chest X-ray

COMMON OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS NNF NPV ATM

- Nasal Cannula - Nasal Catheter - Face Mask - Nonbreathing Mask - Partial rebreathing Mask - Venturi Mask - Aerosol Mask - Transtracheal Delivery System - Mechanical Ventilators

1. disposable plastic device, two prongs, deliver oxygen into nostrils. 2. Used for patients with acute respiratory failure

- Nasal Cannula - Mechanical Ventilators

- catheter inserted into the trachea, connected to a portable tank - French-tipped catheter, higher concentration of oxygen

- Transtracheal delivery system - Nasal catheter

- short-term oxygen delivery - deliver 60% to 80% oxygen w/ water particles

- Face Mask - Aerosol Mask

deliver almost 100% oxygen. delivering 60% to 90% oxygen. deliver 24% to 50% oxygen

Nonrebreathing Mask Partial rebreathing Mask Venturi Mask

Normal Body Temp for Adult and Pedia

Adult - 36.5-37.3 degrees celsius Pedia - 35.5-38.0 degrees celsius

physiology of circulation academic weaponizer

E · 24問 · 2年前