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functions of skeletal system
* Support - provides structural support to the body, maintaining its shape * Protection - shields vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs from injury * Movement - works in tandem with the muscles to facilitate motion in joints * Mineral storage - acts as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential for various bodily functions * Hematopoiesis - generates blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) in the bone marrow * Energy storage - stores lipids (fats) that can be used as energy source when needed * Joint stability - provides stable anchor points for joints, allowing controlled movement
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4 axial skeleton parts
* Skull - consists of cranial bones and facial bones * Vertebral column - consists of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and provide flexibility for movement * Rib cage - composed of ribs and the sternum that encloses the heart and lungs * Auditory Ossicles - tiny bones in each ear essential for hearing
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4 appendicular skeleton
* Pectoral girdle (Shoulder girdle) - comprising the scapulae and clavicles that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton * Pelvic girdle (Hip girdle) - consists of the two hip bones and connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton * Upper limbs - includes forearms, wrists, hands, and fingers * Lower limbs - includes thighs, legs, ankle, feet and toes
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6 classification of bones
* Long bones - longer than they are wider, consisting of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis * Short bones - cuboidal in shape * Flat bones - thin, flat, curved * Irregular bones - complex and irregular shaped bones * Sesamoid bones - small round bones that develop within tendons or ligaments * Accessory bones - not present in all individuals and are considered anatomical variations
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consists of cranial bones and facial bones
Skull
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consists of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and provide flexibility for movement
Vertebral column
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composed of ribs and the sternum that encloses the heart and lungs
Rib cage
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tiny bones in each ear essential for hearing
Auditory Ossicles
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comprising the scapulae and clavicles that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle
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consists of the two hip bones and connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle
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includes forearms, wrists, hands, and fingers
Upper limbs
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includes thighs, legs, ankle, feet and toes
Lower limbs
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longer than they are wider, consisting of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis
Long bones
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cuboidal in shape
Short bones
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thin, flat, curved
Flat bones
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complex and irregular shaped bones
Irregular bones
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small round bones that develop within tendons or ligaments
Sesamoid bones
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not present in all individuals and are considered anatomical variations
Accessory bones
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bone-forming cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of the organic matrix of bone tissue
Osteoblasts
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Mature bone cells that regulate bone remodeling
Osteocytes
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large multinucleated cells responsible for bone reabsorption
Osteoclasts
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immovable joints
Synarthroses
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slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
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freely movable joints
Diarthroses
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held together by fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous joints
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slightly more flexibility and are connected by ligaments
Syndesmoses
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peg in socket joints
Gomphoses
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immovable joints found between flat bones
Sutures
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3 types of fibrous joints
* Sutures - immovable joints found between flat bones * Syndesmoses - slightly more flexibility and are connected by ligaments * Gomphoses - peg in socket joints
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2 types of cartilaginous joints
* Synchondroses - immovable joints connected by hyaline cartilage * Symphyses - slightly movable joints connected by fibrocartilage
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connected by cartilage that allow limited movement
Cartilaginous joints
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characterized by synovial cavity in between
Synovial Joints
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study the synovial joints
* Hinge joints * Ball-and-socket joints * Pivot joints * Condyloid joints * Saddle joints * Gliding joints