Compressed

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are inserted through the nose into the stomach and are used for gastric decompression.

Nasogastric tube

has one lumen and is used for gastric decompression.

Levin tube

has two lumens, one to drain fluid and the other to allow air into the stomach.

Sump tube

used for feedings, with a mercury-weighted tip and a lubricant that is activated by gastric secretions.

Nutriflex

triple-lumen tube with a balloon to anchor it, one lumen for aspiration, and another for feeding.

Moss tube

longer and designed to reach the small intestine.

Nasoenteric tube

has a mercury-filled bag and is used to relieve obstructions.

Cantor tube

mercury-weighted and uses gravity to decompress the digestive tract.

Harris tube

double-lumen tube used for decompression.

Miller Abbott Tube

Removing a nasogastric tube requires specific equipment such as an ETG

- emesis basin - tissues - gloves

opening in the stomach to provide food and liquid. typically closed off with a clamp or plug.

Gastrostomy

inserted into the subclavian or internal jugular vein, reaching the superior vena cava (SVC) or right atrium. They are used for parenteral nutrition and other therapies. Most have multiple lumens.

Central Venous Catheters

may be needed for patients who are unable to clear their airway of secretions, with symptoms of needing suctioning including shortness of breath.

Emergency suctioning

opening in the windpipe. Patients with new tracheostomies may be fearful due to their inability to speak or remove secretions and should be accompanied by a nurse.

Tracheostomy

necessary for patients who cannot breathe adequately on their own. Precautions are needed to ensure proper functioning of the ventilator

Mechanical Ventilator

water-sealed drainage are used to remove air or fluid from the pleural space. Key points for care include keeping the tubing straight, not allowing it to fall below the chest, ensuring tight connections, and not clamping the tubes.

Chest tubes

placed at operative sites to remove excess fluid, with care being needed to avoid dislodging them and observing infection control precautions. An example is the ConstatVac, which allows for reinfusion of the patient's blood. Other types include T-tubes for the bile duct, cecostomy tubes, and nephrostomy tubes for the kidney

Tissue drains

emphasizes that the placement of tubes and catheters can be a violation of a patient's personal dignity and cultural or religious beliefs. A technologist's professionalism and efficiency are essential for maintaining the patient's trust.

Cultural considerations

defined as the complete removal of microorganisms and their spores, while MEDICAL ASEPSIS is the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms. It is required for invasive procedures, and radiographers must know how to maintain a sterile field

Surgical Asepsis

refers to the process of destroying or inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, while STERILIZATION is the process of destroying all microorganisms and their spores.

Disinfection

must be confirmed before using any item. If a sterile pack is wet, torn, or has expired, it should not be used.

Sterility

Methods of Sterilization SCEU

- Steam under pressure - Chemical sterilization - Ethylene oxide - UV

Items are double-wrapped and placed in an autoclave that uses gravity displacement or dynamic air removal. High-speed or flash sterilization is a faster gravity displacement method.

Steam under pressure

A low-temperature method that uses a gaseous antimicrobial and sporicidal agent at 54°-60° C.

Chemical sterilization

Used for items that cannot withstand moisture and high temperatures, but items must be cleansed and dried first to prevent the formation of toxic ethylene glycol.

Ethylene oxide

is also used in hospital settings. Ultraviolet lighting is an alternative to laminar airflow in the operating room that may be as effective for lowering the number of environmental bacteria and possibly lowering infection rates by killing the bacteria rather than simply reducing the number at the operative site.

may be used to transfer a sterile object to a sterile field. A sterile object can also be dropped onto the sterile field from a distance

Sterile forceps

removed from the table, held away from the body, and allowed to unfold. Both arms are placed into the armholes, and is pulled over the shoulders by an assistant.

Gowning

picked up by the cuff, and the hand is inserted into this. The fingers of the hand with this are then placed under the cuff of the other one, and it is pulled over the hand and the cuff of the gown

Gloving

_____ are defined as any substance, other than food, used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure disease. __________ refers to the treatment of a disease by giving drugs.

- Drugs - Medication

:Constrict blood vessels and stimulate the heart and are often used in emergencies. :Relieve pain, with narcotic analgesics requiring specific monitoring due to potential respiratory depression. :Counteract allergic reactions. :Prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.

- Adrenergic drugs - Analgesics - Antihistamines - Antiemetics

: Prevent blood clots : Regulate heart rhythm. : Prevent or control seizures. : Treat depression.

Anticoagulants Antiarrhythmics Anticonvulsants Antidepressants

:Help control blood sugar. :Combat infections. :Treat hypertension and heart conditions. :Open up the airways for easier breathing.

Antidiabetic drugs Anti-infectives Beta blockers: Bronchodilators

:Increase urination to reduce fluid volume. :Induce sleep.

Diuretics Hypnotics

used to increase the visibility of body cavities, organs, and the vascular system during diagnostic imaging.

Iodinated Contrast media

used in MRI Patients with a history of previous adverse reactions to contrast media, asthmatic conditions, known cardiac conditions, and those severely debilitated are at higher risk and should be carefully monitored.

Gadolinium based contrast media

mandatory when a patient is to receive a contrast medium.

Meticulous px history

Drugs can cause a variety of adverse effects, such as: EHDANA

○ Extravasation: Leakage of fluid from a vessel into tissue. ○ Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. ○ Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. ○ Angina: Chest pain. ○ Nausea: Feeling sick to the stomach. ○ Allergic reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions.

is a key skill for radiographers, and the chapter covers best site selection and preparation for the procedure.

Venipuncture

an older system that may still be encountered. Radiographers should be familiar with both to ensure accurate drug calculations.

Apothecary system

is the most common system used for drug measurement.

Metric system

involve administering drugs through the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally (Per Orem), rectally or via feeding tube.

Enteral routes

involve applying drugs to the skin

Topical routes

Parenteral routes involve administering drugs by penetrating the skin, including: IIPO

○ Intradermal (ID) injections. ○ Intramuscular (IM) injections. ○ Peripheral IV administration. ○ Other routes, including intra-arterial, intraarticular, intralesional, and intracardiac.

● Equipment of Drug Administration includes: NS, SC, VA, IV

○ Needles and syringes, which are available in various sizes. ○ Sharps containers for safe disposal of used needles and syringes. ○ Vials and ampules containing single or multi-dose medications. ○ IV infusion sets, IV solutions, and infusion pumps.

are primarily used for sensitivity testing. ● The injection is made into the dermis, and a small wheal will form if the injection is made properly.

Intradermal injection

delivered into the muscle tissue at a 90-degree angle. ● Common injection sites include the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and gluteus medius muscles.

Intramuscular injections

involves the insertion of a catheter into a peripheral vein. - The basilic and cephalic veins are good choices.

Peripheral IV Drug Administration

require special consideration because drugs can cross the placental barrier and harm the fetus

Pregnant women

have more fragile veins and are more susceptible to adverse reactions.

Elderly patients

require smaller doses and special techniques for administration.

Children

Complications of IV Administration: ● Complications include: EIPAA

○ Extravasation, where fluid leaks into surrounding tissues. ○ Infiltration, where the needle or catheter dislodges from the vein. ○ Phlebitis, an inflammation of the vein. ○ Air emboli are potentially fatal and can occur if air enters the bloodstream during an IV procedure. ○ Allergic reactions which can include symptoms such as itching, congestion, or a feeling of fullness in the chest or throat.

Five Rights of Drug Administration: PDDRT

- Right patient - Right drug - Right dose - Right route - Right time

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