are inserted through the nose into the stomach and are used for gastric decompression.

has one lumen and is used for gastric decompression.

has two lumens, one to drain fluid and the other to allow air into the stomach.

used for feedings, with a mercury-weighted tip and a lubricant that is activated by gastric secretions.

triple-lumen tube with a balloon to anchor it, one lumen for aspiration, and another for feeding.

longer and designed to reach the small intestine.

has a mercury-filled bag and is used to relieve obstructions.

mercury-weighted and uses gravity to decompress the digestive tract.

double-lumen tube used for decompression.

Removing a nasogastric tube requires specific equipment such as an ETG

opening in the stomach to provide food and liquid. typically closed off with a clamp or plug.

inserted into the subclavian or internal jugular vein, reaching the superior vena cava (SVC) or right atrium. They are used for parenteral nutrition and other therapies. Most have multiple lumens.

may be needed for patients who are unable to clear their airway of secretions, with symptoms of needing suctioning including shortness of breath.

opening in the windpipe. Patients with new tracheostomies may be fearful due to their inability to speak or remove secretions and should be accompanied by a nurse.

necessary for patients who cannot breathe adequately on their own. Precautions are needed to ensure proper functioning of the ventilator

water-sealed drainage are used to remove air or fluid from the pleural space. Key points for care include keeping the tubing straight, not allowing it to fall below the chest, ensuring tight connections, and not clamping the tubes.

placed at operative sites to remove excess fluid, with care being needed to avoid dislodging them and observing infection control precautions. An example is the ConstatVac, which allows for reinfusion of the patient's blood. Other types include T-tubes for the bile duct, cecostomy tubes, and nephrostomy tubes for the kidney

emphasizes that the placement of tubes and catheters can be a violation of a patient's personal dignity and cultural or religious beliefs. A technologist's professionalism and efficiency are essential for maintaining the patient's trust.

defined as the complete removal of microorganisms and their spores, while MEDICAL ASEPSIS is the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms. It is required for invasive procedures, and radiographers must know how to maintain a sterile field

refers to the process of destroying or inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, while STERILIZATION is the process of destroying all microorganisms and their spores.

must be confirmed before using any item. If a sterile pack is wet, torn, or has expired, it should not be used.

Methods of Sterilization SCEU

Items are double-wrapped and placed in an autoclave that uses gravity displacement or dynamic air removal. High-speed or flash sterilization is a faster gravity displacement method.

A low-temperature method that uses a gaseous antimicrobial and sporicidal agent at 54°-60° C.

Used for items that cannot withstand moisture and high temperatures, but items must be cleansed and dried first to prevent the formation of toxic ethylene glycol.

is also used in hospital settings. Ultraviolet lighting is an alternative to laminar airflow in the operating room that may be as effective for lowering the number of environmental bacteria and possibly lowering infection rates by killing the bacteria rather than simply reducing the number at the operative site.

may be used to transfer a sterile object to a sterile field. A sterile object can also be dropped onto the sterile field from a distance

removed from the table, held away from the body, and allowed to unfold. Both arms are placed into the armholes, and is pulled over the shoulders by an assistant.

picked up by the cuff, and the hand is inserted into this. The fingers of the hand with this are then placed under the cuff of the other one, and it is pulled over the hand and the cuff of the gown

_____ are defined as any substance, other than food, used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure disease. __________ refers to the treatment of a disease by giving drugs.

:Constrict blood vessels and stimulate the heart and are often used in emergencies. :Relieve pain, with narcotic analgesics requiring specific monitoring due to potential respiratory depression. :Counteract allergic reactions. :Prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.

: Prevent blood clots : Regulate heart rhythm. : Prevent or control seizures. : Treat depression.

:Help control blood sugar. :Combat infections. :Treat hypertension and heart conditions. :Open up the airways for easier breathing.

:Increase urination to reduce fluid volume. :Induce sleep.

used to increase the visibility of body cavities, organs, and the vascular system during diagnostic imaging.

used in MRI Patients with a history of previous adverse reactions to contrast media, asthmatic conditions, known cardiac conditions, and those severely debilitated are at higher risk and should be carefully monitored.

mandatory when a patient is to receive a contrast medium.

Drugs can cause a variety of adverse effects, such as: EHDANA

is a key skill for radiographers, and the chapter covers best site selection and preparation for the procedure.

an older system that may still be encountered. Radiographers should be familiar with both to ensure accurate drug calculations.

is the most common system used for drug measurement.

involve administering drugs through the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally (Per Orem), rectally or via feeding tube.

involve applying drugs to the skin

Parenteral routes involve administering drugs by penetrating the skin, including: IIPO

● Equipment of Drug Administration includes: NS, SC, VA, IV

are primarily used for sensitivity testing. ● The injection is made into the dermis, and a small wheal will form if the injection is made properly.

delivered into the muscle tissue at a 90-degree angle. ● Common injection sites include the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and gluteus medius muscles.

involves the insertion of a catheter into a peripheral vein. - The basilic and cephalic veins are good choices.

require special consideration because drugs can cross the placental barrier and harm the fetus

have more fragile veins and are more susceptible to adverse reactions.

require smaller doses and special techniques for administration.

Complications of IV Administration: ● Complications include: EIPAA

Five Rights of Drug Administration: PDDRT