measure of force of blood exerts against the blood vessel walls

contraction of ventricles of heart

relaxation of the ventricles of heart

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

controls blood pressure, vasomotor center

the amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute.

resistance to blood flow in all the blood vessels

is equal to the cardiac output times the peripheral resistance

- plays an impt. role in regulating the function of the heart - activates respones that keep the BP within normal range of value - respond to stretch in arteries caused by increase BP

2 bodies that have chemoreceptor reflexes

contain sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood o2 concentration.

- they send action potentials along sensory nerve fibers to medulla oblongata

this response releases epinephrine into the blood

- causes vasoconstriction especially uin blood vessels in the skin and viscera - causes vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

- kidneys release this enzyme into the circulatory system. - acts on the blood protein angiotensiongen to produce angiotensin I

- release of this acts to increase BP to the normal value, in response to reduced BP

converts into more active form called Angiotensin II

- a vasoconstrictor substance - acts on the ADRENAL CORTEX to increase secretion of ALDOSTERONE

conserve sodium and water

causing release of antiduiretic hormone called vasopressin

- causes a greater reabsorption of water by kidneys and decrease urine volume.

- large amounts of this can cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels causes BP to increase

called the release from the specialized cells in right atrium in response to elevated BP  - causes kidneys to promote the loss of sodium in the urine and to increase urine volume

Hypothalamus releases an antidiuretic hormone called what?