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Every physical process of weather is accompanied by, or is the result of, a

heat exchange

What causes variations in altimeter settings between weather reporting points?

Unequal heating of the Earth's surface

The wind at 5,000 feet AGL is southwesterly while the surface wind is southerly. This difference in direction is primarily due to

friction between the wind and the surface

Convective circulation patterns associated with sea breezes are caused by

cool, dense air moving inland from over the water

The development of thermals depends upon

solar heating

The boundary between two different air masses is referred to as a

front

One weather phenomenon which will always occur when flying across a front is a change in the

wind direction

One of the most easily recognized discontinuities across a front is

a change in temperature

If there is thunderstorm activity in the vicinity of an airport at which you plan to land, which hazardous atmospheric phenomenon might be expected on the landing approach?

Wind-shear turbulence

A nonfrontal, narrow band of active thunderstorms that often develop ahead of a cold front is known as a

squall line

What conditions are necessary for the formation of thunderstorms?

High humidity, lifting force, and unstable conditions

During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts?

Dissipating

Thunderstorms reach their greatest intensity during the

mature stage

What feature is normally associated with the cumulus stage of a thunderstorm?

Continuous updraft

Which weather phenomenon signals the beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm?

Precipitation beginning to fall

Thunderstorms which generally produce the most intense hazard to aircraft are

squall line thunderstorms

Which weather phenomenon is always associated with a thunderstorm?

Lightning

One in-flight condition necessary for structural icing to form is

visible moisture

In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?

Freezing rain

The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that there

is a temperature inversion with freezing rain at a higher altitude

An almond or lens-shaped cloud which appears stationary, but which may contain winds of 50 knots or more, is referred to as

a lenticular cloud

Crests of standing mountain waves may be marked by stationary, lens-shaped clouds known as

standing lenticular clouds

Possible mountain wave turbulence could be anticipated when winds of 40 knots or greater blow

across a mountain ridge, and the air is stable

Where does wind shear occur?

At all altitudes, in all directions

A pilot can expect a wind-shear zone in a temperature inversion whenever the windspeed at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the surface is at least

25 knots

When may hazardous wind shear be expected?

In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence

If the temperature/dewpoint spread is small and decreasing, and the temperature is 62°F, what type weather is most likely to develop?

Fog or low clouds

What is meant by the term "dewpoint"?

The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated

The amount of water vapor which air can hold depends on the

air temperature

What are the processes by which moisture is added to unsaturated air?

Evaporation and sublimation

Which conditions result in the formation of frost?

The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below the dewpoint of the adjacent air and the dewpoint is below freezing

Clouds, fog, or dew will always form when

water vapor condenses

Low-level turbulence can occur and icing can become hazardous in which type of fog?

Steam fog

In which situation is advection fog most likely to form?

An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter

What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog?

Warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights

What types of fog depend upon wind in order to exist?

Advection fog and upslope fog

Clouds are divided into four families according to their

height range

The suffix "nimbus," used in naming clouds, means

a rain cloud

The conditions necessary for the formation of cumulonimbus clouds are a lifting action and

unstable, moist air

What clouds have the greatest turbulence?

Cumulonimbus

What cloud types would indicate convective turbulence?

Towering cumulus clouds

At approximately what altitude above the surface would the pilot expect the base of cumuliform clouds if the surface air temperature is 82°F and the dewpoint is 38°F?

10,000 feet AGL

What is the approximate base of the cumulus clouds if the surface air temperature at 1,000 feet MSL is 70°F and the dewpoint is 48°F?

6,000 feet MSL

What is a characteristic of stable air?

Stratiform clouds

Moist, stable air flowing upslope can be expected to

produce stratus type clouds

If an unstable air mass is forced upward, what type clouds can be expected?

Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence

What are characteristics of unstable air?

Turbulence and good surface visibility

A stable air mass is most likely to have which characteristic?

Smooth air

Steady precipitation preceding a front is an indication of

stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence

What are characteristics of a moist, unstable air mass?

Cumuliform clouds and showery precipitation

What measurement can be used to determine the stability of the atmosphere?

Actual lapse rate

What would decrease the stability of an air mass?

Warming from below

What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?

A stable layer of air

The most frequent type of ground or surface-based temperature inversion is that which is produced by

terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively still night

A temperature inversion would most likely result in which weather condition?

An increase in temperature as altitude is increased

Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?

Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds

To get a complete weather briefing for the planned flight, the pilot should request

a standard briefing

Which type weather briefing should a pilot request, when departing within the hour, if no preliminary weather information has been received?

Standard briefing

Which type of weather briefing should a pilot request to supplement mass disseminated data?

An abbreviated briefing

A weather briefing that is provided when the information requested is 6 or more hours in advance of the proposed departure time is

an outlook briefing

What should pilots state initially when telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information?

Identify themselves as pilots

What should pilots state initially when telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information?

The intended route of flight and destination

When telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information, pilots should state

the aircraft identification or the pilot's name

When telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information, pilots should state

whether they intend to fly VFR only

To update a previous weather briefing, a pilot should request

an abbreviated briefing

When requesting weather information for the following morning, a pilot should request

an outlook briefing

For aviation purposes, ceiling is defined as the height above the Earth's surface of the

lowest broken or overcast layer or vertical visibility into an obscuration

To best determine general forecast weather conditions over several states, the pilot should refer to

Aviation Area Forecasts

To determine the freezing level and areas of probable icing aloft, the pilot should refer to the

Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories

The section of the Area Forecast entitled "VFR CLDS/WX" contains a general description of

cloudiness and weather significant to flight operations broken down by states or other geographical areas

From which primary source should information be obtained regarding expected weather at the estimated time of arrival if your destination has no Terminal Forecast?

Area Forecast

What does the heavy dashed line that forms a large rectangular box on a radar summary chart refer to?

Severe weather watch area

What information is provided by the Radar Summary Chart that is not shown on other weather charts?

Lines and cells of hazardous thunderstorms

Radar weather reports are of special interest to pilots because they indicate

location of precipitation along with type, intensity, and cell movement of precipitation

How should contact be established with an En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) station, and what service would be expected?

Call Flight Watch on 122.0 for information regarding actual weather and thunderstorm activity along proposed route

What service should a pilot normally expect from an En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) station?

Actual weather information and thunderstorm activity along the route

Below FL180, en route weather advisories should be obtained from an FSS on

122.0 MHz

When the term "light and variable" is used in reference to a Winds Aloft Forecast, the coded group and windspeed is

9900 and less than 5 knots

What values are used for Winds Aloft Forecasts?

True direction and knots

To obtain a continuous transcribed weather briefing, including winds aloft and route forecasts for a cross-country flight, a pilot should monitor a

Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) on an NDB or a VOR facility

Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB's) may be monitored by tuning the appropriate radio receiver to certain

VOR and NDB frequencies

Individual forecasts for specific routes of flight can be obtained from which weather source?

Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB's)

SIGMET's are issued as a warning of weather conditions hazardous to which aircraft?

All aircraft

AIRMETs are advisories of significant weather phenomena but of lower intensities than SIGMETs and are intended for dissemination to

all pilots

Which in-flight advisory would contain information on severe icing not associated with thunderstorms?

SIGMET

What information is contained in a CONVECTIVE SIGMET?

Tornadoes, embedded thunderstorms, and hail 3/4 inch or greater in diameter

What is indicated when a current CONVECTIVE SIGMET forecasts thunderstorms?

Thunderstorms obscured by massive cloud layers

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