Instrument Flying and Aerodynamics

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What force causes an airplane to turn?

Horizontal lift component

The rate of turn at any airspeed is dependent upon

the horizontal lift component

What is the relationship between centrifugal force and the horizontal lift component in a coordinated turn?

Horizontal lift and centrifugal force are equal

The primary reason the angle of attack must be increased, to maintain a constant altitude during a coordinated turn, is because the

vertical component of lift has decreased as the result of the bank

During a skidding turn to the right, what is the relationship between the component of lift, centrifugal force, and load factor?

Centrifugal force is greater than horizontal lift and the load factor is increased

When airspeed is increased in a turn, what must be done to maintain a constant altitude?

Increase the angle of bank and/or decrease the angle of attack

When airspeed is decreased in a turn, what must be done to maintain level flight?

Decrease the angle of bank and/or increase the angle of attack

When airspeed is decreased in a turn, what must be done to maintain level flight?

Decrease the angle of bank and/or increase the pitch attitude

If a standard-rate turn is maintained, how much time would be required to turn to the left from a heading of 090° to a heading of 300°?

50 seconds

If a half-standard-rate turn is maintained, how long would it take to turn 135°?

1 minute 30 seconds

If a half-standard-rate turn is maintained, how long would it take to turn 360°?

4 minutes

If a standard-rate turn is maintained, how long would it take to turn 180°?

1 minute

If a half-standard-rate turn is maintained, how much time would be required to turn clockwise from a heading of 090° to a heading of 180°?

1 minute

During a constant-bank level turn, what effect would an increase in airspeed have on the rate and radius of turn?

Rate of turn would decrease, and radius of turn would increase

Rate of turn can be increased and radius of turn decreased by

decreasing airspeed and increasing the bank

If a standard-rate turn is maintained, how much time would be required to turn to the right from a heading of 090° to a heading of 270°?

1 minute

Conditions that determine pitch attitude required to maintain level flight are

airspeed, air density, wing design, and angle of attack

Approximately what percent of the indicated vertical speed should be used to determine the number of feet to lead the level-off from a climb to a specific altitude?

10 percent

To level off from a descent to a specific altitude, the pilot should lead the level-off by approximately

10 percent of the vertical speed

As a rule of thumb, altitude corrections of less than 100 feet should be corrected by using

less than a full bar width on the attitude indicator

Which instruments should be used to make a pitch correction when you have deviated from your assigned altitude?

Attitude indicator, altimeter, and VSI

As a rule of thumb, altitude corrections of less than 100 feet should be corrected by using a

half bar width on the attitude indicator

To enter a constant-airspeed descent from level-cruising flight, and maintain cruising airspeed, the pilot should

simultaneously reduce power and adjust the pitch using the attitude indicator as a reference to maintain the cruising airspeed

To level off at an airspeed higher than the descent speed, the addition of power should be made, assuming a 500 FPM rate of descent, at approximately

100 to 150 feet above the desired altitude

To level off from a descent maintaining the descending airspeed, the pilot should lead the desired altitude by approximately

50 feet

While cruising at 160 knots, you wish to establish a climb at 130 knots. When entering the climb (full panel), it is proper to make the initial pitch change by increasing back elevator pressure until the

attitude indicator shows the approximate pitch attitude appropriate for the 130-knot climb

While cruising at 190 knots, you wish to establish a climb at 160 knots. When entering the climb (full panel), it would be proper to make the initial pitch change by increasing back elevator pressure until the

attitude indicator shows the approximate pitch attitude appropriate for the 160-knot climb

What is the first fundamental skill in attitude instrument flying?

Instrument cross-check

What are the three fundamental skills involved in attitude instrument flying?

Cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control

What is the third fundamental skill in attitude instrument flying?

Aircraft control

What is the correct sequence in which to use the three skills used in instrument flying?

Cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control

As power is reduced to change airspeed from high to low cruise in level flight, which instruments are primary for pitch, bank, and power, respectively?

Altimeter, heading indicator, and manifold pressure gauge or tachometer

What instruments are considered supporting bank instruments during a straight, stabilized climb at a constant rate?

Attitude indicator and turn coordinator

Which instruments are considered primary and supporting for bank, respectively, when establishing a level standard-rate turn?

Attitude indicator and turn coordinator

Which instrument provides the most pertinent information (primary) for bank control in straight-and-level flight?

Heading indicator

Which instruments, in addition to the attitude indicator, are pitch instruments?

Altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator

Which instrument provides the most pertinent information (primary) for pitch control in straight-and-level flight?

Altimeter

For maintaining level flight at constant thrust, which instrument would be the least appropriate for determining the need for a pitch change?

Attitude indicator

The gyroscopic heading indicator is inoperative. What is the primary bank instrument in unaccelerated straight-and-level flight?

Magnetic compass

What instruments are primary for pitch, bank, and power, respectively, when transitioning into a constant airspeed climb from straight-and-level flight?

Attitude indicator, heading indicator, and manifold pressure gauge or tachometer

What is the primary bank instrument once a standard-rate turn is established?

Turn coordinator

During standard-rate turns, which instrument is considered "primary" for bank?

Turn and slip indicator or turn coordinator

What is the primary pitch instrument when establishing a constant altitude standard-rate turn?

Altimeter

What is the initial primary bank instrument when establishing a level standard-rate turn?

Attitude indicator

What is the primary bank instrument while transitioning from straight-and-level flight to a standard-rate turn to the left?

Attitude indicator

What instrument(s) is(are) supporting bank instrument when entering a constant airspeed climb from straight-and-level flight?

Attitude indicator and turn coordinator

What is the primary pitch instrument during a stabilized climbing left turn at cruise climb airspeed?

Airspeed indicator

Which instruments are considered to be supporting instruments for pitch during change of airspeed in a level turn?

Attitude indicator and VSI

Which instrument is considered primary for power as the airspeed reaches the desired value during change of airspeed in a level turn?

Airspeed indicator

Which instrument indicates the quality of a turn?

Ball of the turn coordinator

As power is increased to enter a 500 feet per minute rate of climb in straight flight, which instruments are primary for pitch, bank, and power respectively?

Attitude indicator, heading indicator, and manifold pressure gauge or tachometer

While recovering from an unusual flight attitude without the aid of the attitude indicator, approximate level pitch attitude is reached when the

airspeed and altimeter stop their movement and the VSI reverses its trend

If an airplane is in an unusual flight attitude and the attitude indicator has exceeded its limits, which instruments should be relied on to determine pitch attitude before starting recovery?

Airspeed and altimeter

Which is the correct sequence for recovery from a spiraling, nose-low, increasing airspeed, unusual flight attitude?

Reduce power, correct the bank attitude, and raise the nose to a level attitude

During recoveries from unusual attitudes, level flight is attained the instant

the altimeter and airspeed needles stop prior to reversing their direction of movement

If you fly into severe turbulence, which flight condition should you attempt to maintain?

Level flight attitude

If severe turbulence is encountered during your IFR flight, the airplane should be slowed to the design maneuvering speed because the

amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing will be decreased

When a climb or descent through an inversion or wind-shear zone is being performed, the pilot should be alert for which of the following change in airplane performance?

A sudden change in airspeed

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